Relações Internacionais e desempenho esportivo
Uma análise do quadro de medalhas olímpico a partir do Índice de Poder Mundial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.143866Palavras-chave:
Relações Internacionais, Diplomacia esportiva, Geoestrutura internacional, Índice de Poder Mundial, Jogos OlímpicosResumo
Esta pesquisa trata do desempenho esportivo dos países a partir das Relações Internacionais. Considerando que na maioria dos estudos sobre esporte são minimizados ou ignorados os imperativos sistêmicos e o poder como um elemento integral que orienta a ação estatal, o objetivo deste artigo é estudar a relação entre a geoestrutura de poder internacional e o quadro de medalhas olímpico. Para isso, metodologicamente, é realizada uma análise correlacional entre o Índice de Poder Mundial (IPM) e o quadro de medalhas dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão e de Inverno, desde a edição de Atlanta 1996 até Pequim 2022. Os resultados mostram que há uma alta correlação positiva nas diferentes Olimpíadas avaliadas, sustentando, desde as Relações Internacionais, que a geoestrutura internacional delimita e determina o desenho da diplomacia esportiva estatal no que diz respeito ao desempenho esportivo: priorização do esporte na agenda governamental, o planejamento de medalhas e os recursos destinados ao esporte de elite.
Downloads
Referências
ABU EL KHEIR-MATARIA, Wafa et al. COVID-19 vaccine intercountry distribution inequality and its underlying factors: a combined concentration index analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Frontiers Public Health, v. 12, p. 1-9, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348088
APANGO, Mónica et al. The semiperipheral states in the international geostructure. In: MORALES, Daniel; ROCHA, Alberto (ed.). National power and international geostructure. Singapur: Springer, 2024. p. 183-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1180-2_8
BEACOM, Aaron. International diplomacy and the Olympic Movement. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137032942
BERG, Brennan K.; KESSLER, Seth A.; HUNT, Thomas M. A realist perspective of Sport Management Program and the H.J. Lutcher Stark governmental perceptions of Olympic boycott movements, 1936–2008. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 4, n. 3, p. 307-320, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2012.694113
BLOYCE, Daniel; SMITH, Andy. Sport policy and development: an introduction. London: Routledge, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203890684
BRANNAGAN, Paul Michael; GIULIANOTTI, Richard. Soft power and soft disempowerment: Qatar, global sport and football’s 2022 world cup finals. Leisure Studies, v. 34, n. 6, p. 703-719, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.964291
CARTER, Thomas F. ¿Hasta la victoria siempre? The evolution and future of revolutionary sport. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, v. 15, n. 2, p. 25-43, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2009.11090848
D'AGATI, Philip A. The Cold War and the 1984 Olympic Games: a Soviet-American surrogate war. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137360250
D’AGATI, Philip A. Surrogate war: politics of conflict in sports and space. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 10, n. 3, p. 451-467, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1410208
DE BOSSCHER, Veerle et al. The global sporting arms race: an international comparative study on sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2008a.
DE BOSSCHER, Verlee et al. The paradox of measuring success of nations in elite sport. Belgeo, n. 2, p. 217-234, 2008b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.10303
DE BOSSCHER, Verlee et al. Successful elite sport policies: an international comparison of the sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2015.
EL TINAY, Hassan. The semi-periphery and ecologically unequal exchange: carbon emissions and recursive exploitation. Environmental Sociology, v. 10, n. 2, p. 253-265, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2024.2309407
GÖTZ, Elias. Neoclassical realist theories, intervening variables, and paradigmatic boundaries. Foreign Policy Analysis, v. 17, n. 2, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa026
GREEN, Mike; OAKLEY, Ben. Elite sport development systems and playing to win: uniformity and diversity in international approaches. Leisure Studies, v. 20, n. 4, p. 247-267, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360110103598
GRIX, Jonathan; BRANNAGAN, Paul Michel. Of mechanisms and myths: conceptualizing states’ ‘soft power’ strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy and Statecraft, v. 27, n. 2, p. 251–272, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2016.1169791
GRIX, Jonathan; BRANNAGAN, Paul Michel; HOULIHAN, Barrie. Interrogating states’ soft power strategies: a case study of sports mega-events in Brazil and the UK. Global Society, v. 29, n. 3, p. 463-479, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2015.1047743
GRIX, Jonathan; BRANNAGAN, Paul Michel; LEE, Donna. Entering the global arena: emerging states, soft power strategies and sports mega-events. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7952-9
HOULIHAN, Barrie; ZHENG, Jinming. The Olympics and elite sport policy: where will it all end? The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 30, n. 4, p. 338–355, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.765726
HOULIHAN, Barrie; ZHENG, Jinming. Small states: sport and politics at the margins. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 7, n. 3, p. 329–344, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.959032
HUNT, Thomas M. Countering the Soviet threat in the Olympic medals race: the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and American athletics policy reform. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 24, n. 6, p. 796-818, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360701265115
JEDLICKA, Scott R. Sport governance as global governance: theoretical perspectives on sport in the international system. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 10, n. 2, p. 287–304, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1406974
JEDLICKA, Scott R.; HARRIS, Spencer; REICHE, Danyel. State intervention in sport: a comparative analysis of regime types. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 12, n. 4, p. 563-581, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1832134
LYU, Dongye; LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel; PULLEIRO MÉNDEZ, Carlos. She is a Beijing girl: an examination of how Eileen Gu’s Chinese identity was constructed in Chinese media during the Beijing 2022 Olympics. Sport in Society, v. 27, n. 4, p. 484-502, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2297361
MEIBAUER, Gustav et al. Forum: rethinking neoclassical realism at theory's end. International Studies Review, v. 23, n. 1, p. 268-295, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa018
MORALES RUVALCABA, Daniel. The semiperipheral states in the 21st century: measuring the structural position of regional powers and secondary regional states. International Studies, v. 57, n. 1, p. 20-50, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881719880769
MORALES RUVALCABA, Daniel. The distribution of power in the periphery: an approach with the World Power Index. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, v. 36, n. 2, p. 260-295, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2020.1854178
MORALES RUVALCABA, Daniel. The World Power Index. In: MORALES, Daniel; ROCHA, Alberto (ed.). National power and international geostructure. Singapur: Springer, 2024. p. 45-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1180-2_3
MORALES RUVALCABA, Daniel; ROCHA VALENCIA, Alberto. The International Geostructure of Power: a trans-structural approach. In: MORALES, Daniel; ROCHA, Alberto (ed.). National power and international geostructure. Singapur: Springer, 2024. p. 71-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1180-2_3
MÜLLER, Martin. What makes an event a mega-event? Definitions and sizes. Leisure Studies, v. 34, n. 6, p. 627-642, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.993333
MÜLLER, Martin; STEYAERT, Chris. The geopolitics of organizing mega-events. In: MUNOZ, Joseph Mark S. Handbook on the geopolitics of business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. p. 139-150. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/handbook-on-the-geopolitics-of-business-9780857939746.html
MURRAY, Stuart. Sports diplomacy: origins, theory and practice. Abingdon: Routledge, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351126960
NASSIF, Nadim. The World Sport Power Index: measuring states' capacities to use sport as an instrument of soft power. Siyasat Arabiya, v. X, n. 57, p. 46-57, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31430//OXAQ6535
NASSIF, Nadim; RASPAUD, Michel. National success in elite sport: exploring the factors that lead to success. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38997-9
PAIVA, Felipe; MESQUITA, Rafael. Liderando do meio? Dimensionando a liderança das potências intermediárias nas organizações internacionais (1975-2017). Carta Internacional, v. 17, n. 1, p. 1-28, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21530/ci.v17n1.2022.1223
PULLEIRO MÉNDEZ, Carlos. National recognition and power relations between states and sub-state governments in international sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 12, n. 2, p. 189-205, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2019.1706620
PULLEIRO MÉNDEZ, Carlos. International relations and football: limits and possibilities for China to become a global football power by 2050. Estudos Internacionais, v. 9, n. 4, p. 7-24, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p7-24
PULLEIRO MÉNDEZ, Carlos; GUTIÉRREZ-CHICO, Fernando. The state, the athlete, the symbolic exclusion: the ban of Russian and Belarusian athletes from the Olympic movement. Sport in Society, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2024.2424548
PULLEIRO MÉNDEZ, Carlos; MORALES RUVALCABA, Daniel. Latin American structure and Pan-Am games: analysing the medal table from International Relations. Third World Quarterly, v. 44, n. 9, p. 2115-2135, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2023.2220662
REICHE, Danyel. Investing in sporting success as a domestic and foreign policy tool: the case of Qatar. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 7, n. 4, p. 489-504, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.966135
REICHE, Danyel. Success and failure of countries at the Olympic Games. New York: Routledge, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757308
REICHE, Danyel. Why developing countries are just spectators in the “Gold War”: the case of Lebanon at the Olympic Games. Third World Quarterly, v. 38, n. 4, p. 996-1011, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1177455
RIORDAN, Jim. The rise and fall of Soviet Olympic champions. Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies, v. II, p. 25-44, 1993. https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/4145/download
RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W.; LOBELL, Steven E. Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press, 2016.
ROCHA VALENCIA, Alberto.; MORALES RUVALCABA, Daniel. The national–international power of the states: a trans-structural proposal. In: MORALES, Daniel; ROCHA, Alberto (ed.). National power and international geostructure. Singapur: Springer, 2024. p. 19–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1180-2_2
ROJO-LABAIEN, Ekain; RODRÍGUEZ, Álvaro; ROOKWOOD, Joel. Sport statehood and transition in Europe: comparative perspectives from post-soviet and post-socialist societies. London: Routledge, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325847
ROSE, Gideon. Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics, v. 51, n. 1, p. 144-172, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100007814
SCHWELLER, Randall L. New realist research on alliances: refining, not refuting,Waltz’s balancing proposition. American Political Science Review, v. 91, n. 4, p. 927-930, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2952176
SCHWELLER, Randall L. Unanswered threats: a neoclassical realist theory of under-balancing. International Security, v. 29, n. 2, p. 159–201, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288042879913
SCHWELLER, Randall L. Unanswered threats: political constraints on the balance of power. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006.
SCHWELLER, Randall L. Opposite but compatible nationalisms: a neoclassical realist approach to the future of US–China Relations. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, v. 11, n. 1, p. 23–48, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poy003
THIBAULT, Lucie; HARVEY, Jean. Sport policy in Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2013.
TRUYENS, Jasper; DE BOSSCHER, Verlee; HEYNDELS, Bruno. Competitive balance in athletics. Managing Sport and Leisure, v. 21, n. 1, p. 23-43, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2016.1169213
TZILI, Eduardo et al. The peripheral states in the international geostructure. In: MORALES, Daniel; ROCHA, Alberto (ed.). National power and international geostructure. Singapur: Springer, 2024. p. 243-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1180-2_10
WALTZ, Kenneth N. Theory of international politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979.
WALTZ, Kenneth N. Evaluating theories. American Political Science Review, v. 91, n. 4, p. 913-917, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2952173
WILLEM, Annick; SCHEERDER, Jeroen. Conclusion: the role of sport policies and governmental support in the capacity building of sport federations. In: SCHEERDER, Jeroen; WILLEM, Annick; CLAES, Elien. Sport policy systems and sport federations. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 303-320 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60222-0_15
ZHENG, Jinming et al. Competitive balance trends in elite table tennis: the Olympic Games and World Championships 1988-2016. Journal of Sports Sciences, v. 36, n. 23, p. 2675-2683, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1375174
ZHENG, Jinming et al. Competitive balance and medal distributions at the Summer Olympic Games 1992–2016: overall and gender-specific analyses. Managing Sport and Leisure, v. 24, n. 1-3, p. 45-58, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1583076
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Movimento
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A autoria detém os direitos autorais sobre os manuscritos submetidos e concede à revista Movimento o direito de publicar os textos, de acordo com a política de licença aberta adotada pelo periódico.
A revista Movimento adota a licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), seguindo o modelo de Acesso Aberto (Open Access), que permite o acesso virtual, sem restrição (incluindo as financeiras), a todos os textos científicos publicados pelo periódico.
Ao realizar a submissão do manuscrito, a autoria precisa declarar estar ciente das licenças de direitos autorais que entrarão em vigor caso o manuscrito seja aceito e publicado, conforme termos descritos abaixo:
- O acesso aberto é a condição em que a/o detentor/a dos direitos autorais de um trabalho acadêmico concede direitos de uso a terceiros usando uma licença aberta (Creative Commons Attribution, CC-BY);
- O acesso aberto é gratuito e imediato ao trabalho, autorizando qualquer usuária/o a ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar ou vincular os textos completos dos artigos, rastreá-los para indexação, passá-los como dados para software ou usá-los para qualquer outra finalidade legal.
A revista Movimento encoraja a autoria a autoarquivar os manuscritos aceitos, disponibilizando-os em blogs pessoais, repositórios institucionais, mídias sociais acadêmicas e também em perfis pessoais, desde que seja incluída a referência completa à versão publicada no website do periódico e/ou na página da coleção SciELO.
