Towards the Inclusion of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sport Education and Ethics of Care
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.144294Keywords:
Physical Education, Special needs education, Critical pedagogyAbstract
The pursuit of inclusion for students with autism spectrum disorder in physical education presents a significant challenge for educators, who must seek pedagogical responses to meet their educational needs. This study aims to explore the perceptions of teachers involved in the development of a sport education season in a secondary education group that included two students with autism. Qualitative data were obtained from reflective journals, interviews, focus groups, and field notes, which were analysed considering the components of educational inclusion. The results indicate that the essential characteristics of the model have contributed to increasing the presence, participation, and progress of the students. Additionally, strategies related to the ethics of care have helped improve the attitudes of teachers and peers. These findings suggest that sport education, accompanied by other specific strategies, can contribute to the pursuit of inclusion.
Downloads
References
ABELLÁN, Jorge; SEGOVIA, Yessica. Aprendiendo a enseñar mediante el modelo de Educación Deportiva en centros de educación especial: de la teoría a la práctica. Retos, v. 59, p. 138–145, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.106909
AINSCOW, Mel; BOOTH, Tony; DYSON, Alan. Improving schools, developing inclusion. London: Routledge, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203967157
AL JAFFAL, Mohammed. Barriers general education teachers face regarding the inclusion of students with autism. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 13, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873248
BEAMER, Jennifer A.; YUN, Joonkoo. Physical educators’ beliefs and self-reported behaviors toward including students with autism spectrum disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, v. 31, n. 4, p. 362-376, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2014-0134
BLOCK, Martin et al. Exploring future research in adapted physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, v. 92, n. 3, p. 429–442, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1741500
BLOCK, Martin; FINES, Abby. Examining physical activity for individuals with disabilities through a social justice lens. Kinesiology Review, v. 11, n. 1, p. 80–87, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2021-0052
BRAUN, Virginia; CLARKE, Victoria. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, v. 3, n. 2, p. 77-101, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
CARR, Wilfred; KEMMIS, Stephen. Becoming critical: education knowledge and action research. London: Routledge, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203496626
CASEY, Ashley; KIRK, David. Models-based practice in physical education. London: Routledge, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429319259
DEVÍS, José. Socially critical research perspectives in physical education. In: KIRK, David; D.; MACDONALD, Doune; O’SULLIVAN, Mary (ed.), The handbook of physical education. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2006. p. 37–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608009.n3
DINISHAK, Janette. The deficit view and its critics. Disability Studies Quarterly, v. 36, n. 4, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v36i4.5236
EISENMENGER, Ashley. Ableism 101: What it is, what it looks like, and what we can do to fix it. Access Living, Dec. 12, 2019. Available at: https://www.accessliving.org/newsroom/blog/ableism-101/ Accessed on: Nov. 3, 2024.
ENNIS, Catherine. Creating a culturally relevant curriculum for disengaged girls. Sport, Education and Society, v. 4, n. 1, p. 31–49, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332990040103
FERNÁNDEZ-RÍO, Javier; IGLESIAS, Damián. What do we know about pedagogical models in physical education so far? An umbrella review. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, v. 29, n. 2, p. 190–205, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2022.2039615
FIRST, Michael et al. DSM‐5‐TR: Overview of what’s new and what’s changed. World Psychiatry, v. 21, n. 2, p. 218-219, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20989
GARCÍA LÓPEZ, Luis Miguel; GUTIERREZ, David. Aprendiendo a enseñar deporte: modelo de enseñanza comprensiva y educación deportiva. Barcelona: INDE, 2017.
GARCÍA LÓPEZ, Luis Miguel; KIRK, David. Coaches’ perceptions of sport education: a response to precarity through a pedagogy of affect. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, v. 27, n. 4, p. 353-367, 2022a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1891211
GARCÍA LÓPEZ, Luis Miguel; KIRK, David. Empowering children from socially vulnerable backgrounds through the use of roles in sport education. Sport, Education and Society, v. 27, n. 6, p. 676-688, 2022b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1897563
GORDON, Victoria; PENNINGTON, Colin. Tips for including individuals with autism in physical education. Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance, v. 93, n. 1, p. 58–60, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2022.2006021
HAEGELE, Justin. Inclusion illusion: questioning the inclusiveness of integrated physical education. Quest, v. 71, n. 4, p. 387-397, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2019.1602547
HAEGELE, Justin et al. Barriers and facilitators to inclusion in integrated physical education: adapted physical educators’ perspectives. European Physical Education Review, v. 27, n. 2, p. 297-311, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20944429
HAEGELE, Justin et al. Universal design for learning in physical education: Overview and critical reflection. European Physical Education Review, v. 30, n. 2, p. 250 – 264, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231202658
HAEGELE, Justin; MAHER, Anthony. Male autistic youth experiences of belonging in integrated physical education. Autism, v. 26, n. 1, p. 51-61, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211018637
HAEGELE, Justin; MAHER, Anthony. Toward a conceptual understanding of inclusion as intersubjective experiences. Educational Researcher, v. 52, n. 6, p. 385-393, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X231176287
HASTIE, Peter; CASEY, Ashley. Fidelity in models-based practice research in sport pedagogy: a guide for future investigations. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, v. 33, n. 3, p. 422-431, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2013-0141
HORTAL-QUESADA, Ángela; SANCHIS-SANCHIS, Roberto. Autism spectrum disorder in physical education in primary school: a systematic review. Apunts: Educación Física y Deportes, n. 150, p. 45-55, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2022/4).150.06
KIRK, David. Precarity, critical pedagogy and physical education. London: Routledge, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429326301
LAMB, Penny; FIRBANK, Dianna; ALDOUS, David. Capturing the world of physical education through the eyes of children with autism spectrum disorders. Sport, Education and Society, v. 21, n. 5, p. 698 – 722, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2014.941794
LI, Yilin; LI, Weidong. A review of research on ethic of care in physical education and physical activity settings. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, v. 40, n. 1, p. 109-117, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2019-0143
LIEBERMAN, Lauren et al. Universal design for learning in physical education. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781718235199
LIEBERMAN, Lauren; BEAN, Lauren; GRENIER, Michelle. Developing a Universal Design for Learning Pedagogy: Perspectives of Students with and Without Disabilities. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2024-0015 (ahead of print)
MARAVÉ-VIVAS, María et al. Hacia la inclusión del alumnado con TEA en educación física: investigación-acción en un programa piloto. Retos, n. 42, p. 66-76, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.85845
MAZEFSKY, Carla et al. The role of emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, v. 52, n. 7, p. 679–688, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006
McMAHON, Jenny et al. Children with autism in a sport and physical activity context: A collaborative autoethnography by two parents outlining their experiences. Sport, Education and Society, v. 25, n. 9, p. 1002-1014, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1680535
MENÉNDEZ, José Ignacio; FERNÁNDEZ-RÍO, Javier. Hybridising sport education and teaching for personal and social responsibility to include students with disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 32, n. 4, p. 508-524, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1267943
MIHAJLOVIC, Christopher. Perceptions of collaboration between general and special educators in Physical Education. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, v. 41, n. 2, p. 306-329, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2023-0104
MISZTAL, Barbara. The challenges of vulnerability: in search of strategies for a less vulnerable social life. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230316690
NODDINGS, Nel. In defense of caring. The Journal of Clinical Ethics, v. 3, n. 1, p. 15-18, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/JCE199203103
NOWLAND, Lindsey; HAEGELE, Justin. The self-efficacy of physical education teachers to teach students with disabilities: a systematic review of literature. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, v. 40, n. 4, p. 758-780, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2022-0135
ORGANIZACIÓN DE NACIONES UNIDAS - ONU. Objetivos del desarrollo sostenible. [Ginebra]: ONU, 2015. Available at: http://www.un.org/es/millenniumgoals/pdf/2015/mdg_2015_s_summary_web.pdf Accessed on: 31 Oct., 2024.
PÉREZ, Víctor; FUENTES, Jorge; DEVÍS, José. El análisis narrativo en la educación física y el deporte. Movimento, v. 17, n. 4, p. 11–42, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.24402
PUSHKARENKO, Kyle; DUNN, Janice C.; GOODWIN, Donna L. Physical literacy for children labeled with autism spectrum disorder: Mothers’ experiences of ableism, exclusion, and trauma. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, v. 38, n. 4, p. 525–545, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2020-0123
RAMÍREZ-FORERO, Blanca Isabel et al. Barriers and facilitators to the inclusion of autistic students in integrated physical education: a Colombian perspective. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, p. 1–10, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2024.2399376
SANSI, Ahmet; NALBANT, Sibel; OZER, Dilara. Effects of an inclusive physical activity program on the motor skills, social skills and attitudes of students with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v. 51, n. 7, p. 2254–2270, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04693-z
SHIELDS, Nora; SYNNOT, Anneliese J.; BARR, Megan. Perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity for children with disability: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, v. 46, n. 14, p. 989-997, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090236
SINELNIKOV, Oleg. Sport education for teachers: professional development when introducing a novel curriculum model. European Physical Education Review, v. 15, n. 1, p. 91-114, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X09105213
SMITH, Brett; McGANNON, Kerry. Developing rigor in qualitative research: problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, v. 11, n. 1, p. 101–121, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357
SORTWELL, Andrew et al. Planning and pedagogical considerations for teaching children with autism spectrum disorder in physical education. Kinesiology Review, v. 13, n. 2, p. 302-312, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2023-0015
SPENCER-CAVALIERE, Nancy et al. A part of and apart from sport: practitioners’ experiences coaching in segregated youth sport. Social Inclusion, v. 5, n. 2, p. 120–129, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.889
TAHERI-TORBATI, Hamidreza; SOTOODEH, Mohammad Saber. Using video and live modelling to teach motor skill to children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Inclusive Education, v. 23, n. 4, p. 405–418, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1441335
TANT, Maxime; WATELAIN, Eric. Forty years later, a systematic literature review on inclusion in physical education (1975-2015): a teacher perspective. Educational Research Review, v. 19, p. 1-17, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.04.002
TARANTINO, Giampiero; MAKOPOULOU, Kyriaki; NEVILLE, Ross D. Inclusion of children with special educational needs and disabilities in physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ attitudes. Educational Research Review, v. 36, p. 100456, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100456
TEH, Elizabeth et al. Effects of physical exercise interventions on stereotyped motor behaviours in children with ASD: a meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v. 52, p. 2934-2957, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05152-z
WANG, Lijuan. Perspectives of students with special needs on inclusion in general physical education: A social-relational model of disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, v. 36, n. 2, p. 242-263, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2018-0068
WEICK, Karl. Small wins: Redefining the scale of social problems. American Psychologist, v. 39, n. 1, p. 40–49, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.1.40
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Movimento

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright to the manuscripts they submit and grant Movimento the right to publish the text in accordance with the open licensing policy adopted by the journal.
Movimento adopts the Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) license and follows the Open Access model, which provides unrestricted online access, including free access, to all scholarly texts published by the journal.
When submitting a manuscript, authors must acknowledge that they are aware of the copyright licensing terms that will apply if the manuscript is accepted and published, as described below:
- Open access is a condition in which the copyright holder of a scholarly work grants third parties’ rights to use the work under an open license (Creative Commons Attribution, CC BY)
- Open access provides free and immediate access to the work, authorizing any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles; index them; pass them as data to software; or use them for any other lawful purpose.
Movimento encourages authors to self-archive accepted manuscripts by making them available on personal blogs, institutional repositories, academic social media platforms, and personal profiles, provided that the complete reference to the published version on the journal's website and/or the SciELO Collection page is included.