Naturalização no futebol chinês
questões jurídicas, nacionalismo e identidade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.125536Palavras-chave:
Naturalização de futebolistas, Futebol Chinês, Nacionalismo, Identidade SocialResumo
A conversão da nacionalidade de atletas não é mais uma novidade no esporte internacional; no entanto, o caso da naturalização de jogadores de futebol na China tem recebido pouca atenção acadêmica. A introdução de talentos estrangeiros foi endossada pela política nacional para fortalecer a seleção chinesa e permitir sua participação na Copa do Mundo. Este artigo examina alguns conceitos jurídicos no contexto da naturalização de futebolistas chineses e discute esse fenômeno a partir de perspectivas sociológicas. O objetivo é utilizar a troca de nacionalidade dos atletas de futebol como um estudo de caso para debater o status quo desse esporte na China e, ao mesmo tempo, discutir o nacionalismo e a identidade social no contexto da interação entre esporte e sociedade.
Downloads
Referências
ABDI, Kambiz; TALEBPOUR, Mahdi; FULLERTON, Jami; RANJKESH, Mohammad Javad; JABBARI NOOGHABI, Hadi. Converting sports diplomacy to diplomatic outcomes: introducing a sports diplomacy model. International Area Studies Review, v. 21, n. 4, p. 365–381, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865918808058
AMARA, Mahfoud. Sport, politics and society in the Arab world. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
ANDERSON, Benedict. Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso books, 2006.
BAIRNER, Alan. Sport, nationalism, and globalisation: European and North American perspectives. New York: State University of New York Press, 2001.
BROWNELL, Susan. Training the body for China: sports in the moral order of the People’s Republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
CHA, Victor. Role of sport in international relations: national rebirth and renewal. Asian Economic Policy Review, v. 11, n. 1, p. 139–155, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12127
CHAI Minquan; GUAN Jian. From individual identity to national identity: a social psychological path. Nanjing Social Sciences, v.11, p. 76-81,87, 2018.
CHANG, Yonghwan. Exploring the patterns of dual attitude changes in the context of athlete endorsement: the interplay of fit, evaluative conditioning, and introspection focus. Journal of Sport Management, v. 32, n. 5, p. 413–425, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0149
CHEN, Jian. Mao’s China and the cold war. Chapel Hill/London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
CHENG, Kai. The construction of national consciousness in modern China from the perspective of nationalism. Modern Communication, n. 5, p. 48-49, jun. 2017.
CHIU, Andy. Challenges and complexities of imagining nationhood: the case of Hong Kong’s naturalized footballers. Sport in Society, v. 24, n. 11, p. 1878-1892, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1944116
CHOI, Yeomi. Running for Korea: rethinking of sport migration and in/flexible citizenship. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 55, n. 3, p. 361–379, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218807364
ELIAS, Norbert; SCOTSON, John L. The established and the outsiders. London: Sage Publications, 1995.
ENGLAND FOOTBALL ONLINE, England national football team player eligibility, March 5, 2011. Available at: http://www.englandfootballonline.com/teamback/eligibiliy.html. Accessed on: Mar. 5, 2021.
FALCOUS, Mark. White is the new black? Football, media and the New Zealand imagination. Soccer & Society, v. 16, n. 4, p. 555–572, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.891987
FAN, Hong. China. In: HOULIHAN, Barrie; GREEN, Mick (org.). Comparative elite sport development: systems, structures and public policy. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.
FAN, Hong; LU, Zhouxiang. Representing the new China and the sovietisation of Chinese sport (1949-1962). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1–29, 2012a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.634982
FAN, Hong; LU, Zhouxiang. Sport, militarism and diplomacy: training bodies for China (1960-1966). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 30–52, 2012b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.634983
FEI, Xiaotong. The pattern of diversity and unity of the Chinese nation. Beijing: Minzu University of China Press, 1989.
FIFA. Proposal for amendments to the Regulations Governing the Application of the Statutes. 2020. Available at: https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/429b9c2aa699afdc/original/gv5axxtvu2aydszqfiw6-pdf.pdf. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.
GIBBONS, Tom. Fan debates on English national identity surrounding the Almunia case. Soccer & Society, v. 16, n. 2–3, p. 344–359, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.961386
GIULIANOTTI, Richard; ROBERTSON, Roland. Globalisation & Football. London: SAGE Publications. 2009.
GIULIANOTTI, Richard; ROBERTSON, Roland. The globalization of football: a study in the glocalization of the “serious life.” British Journal of Sociology, v. 55, n. 4, 545–568, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00037.x
GORDON, Milton Myron. Assimilation in American life: the role of race, religion, and national origins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964
GRIX, Jonathan. Sport politics: an introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
HAI, Wanping; LIANG, Zhugui; CHEN, Zhi-Bin. Motivations, effects and practical directions of naturalized foreign players in Chinese football. Journal of the Shanghai Sports Institute, v. 45, n. 4, p. 58-67, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16099/j.sus.2021.04.006
HIRAMOTO, Mie. “Her soul is Japanese”: Naomi Osaka, mediatization, and intersectionality. Discourse, Context & Media, v. 32, p. 100351, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100351
HO, Lawrence Ka-Ki; CHIU, Andy. ‘Indigenous’ or ‘All Stars’: discourses on ‘Team Hong Kong’ in a FIFA World Cup Tournament. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 33, n. 11, p. 1226–1241, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1267150
HOBSBAWM, Eric. Nations and nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University. 1992.
HORNBY, Albert Sydney; LEA, Diana; BRADBERY, Jennifer. Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020.
HUANG, Shixi. Legal issues in sports nationality changing. Journal of Physical Education, v. 20, n. 3, p.38-40, 2013.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
HWANG, Tony; JARVIE, Grant. Sport, nationalism and the early Chinese Republic 1912–1927. The Sports Historian, v. 21, n. 2, p. 1–19, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17460260109447879
JANSEN, Joost, Nationality swapping in the Olympic Games 1978–2017: a supervised machine learning approach to analyzing discourses of citizenship and nationhood, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 54, n. 8, p. 971–988, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218773969
JANSEN, Joost; OONK, Gijsbert; ENGBERSEN, Godfried. Nationality swapping in the Olympic field: towards the marketization of citizenship? Citizenship Studies, v. 22, n. 5, p. 523–539, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1477921
JARVIE, Grant; HWANG, Dong-Jhy; BRENNAN, Mel. Sport, revolution and the Beijing Olympics. Oxford, UK: Berg, 2008.
JIANG, Qiaolei, Celebrity athletes, soft power and national identity: Hong Kong newspaper coverage of the Olympic champions of Beijing 2008 and London 2012. Mass Communication and Society, v. 16, n. 6, p. 888–909, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2013.789528
LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel. Beyond the football fields: Chinese sports diplomacy. In: MENDES, Carmen Amado; CARDOSO, Daniel (org.). Narratives and perceptions: Chinese soft power in the 21st century. Lisboa: Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, 2022.
LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel; RODRIGUES, Carlos. The Chinese football development plan: soft power and national identity. Holos, v. 5, p. 114–126, sep. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2017.5750
LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel; RODRIGUES, Carlos. The Chinese plan for football development: a perspective from innovation theory. Sport, Business and Management: an international journal, v. 9, n. 1, p. 63-77, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2017-0067
LIČEN, Simon; BILLINGS, Andrew. Affirming nationality in transnational circumstances: Slovenian coverage of continental franchise sports competitions, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 48, n. 6, p. 751–767, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212446821
LIU, Wennan. Disciplinary daily life: new life movement and modern state governance. Journal of Nanjing University, v. 50, n. 5, p. 89-102,159-160, 2013.
LOVISOLO, Hugo; SOARES, Antonio Jorge G. Futebol: construção histórica do estilo nacional. In: HELAL, Ronaldo (org.). Futebol, jornalismo e ciências sociais: interações. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Eduerj, 2011. p. 33–51.
LU, Zhouxiang. Sport, Nationalism and the building of the modern Chinese nation state (1912–49). The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 28, n. 7, p. 1030–1054, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.563635
LU, Zhouxiang; FAN, Hong. China’s sports heroes: nationalism, patriotism, and gold medal. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 36, n. 7–8, p. 748–763, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1657839
MAO, Tse-Tung. A Study of Physical Education. 1917. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-6/mswv6_01.htm. Accessed on: July 26, 2021.
MARKOVITS, Andrei S.; RENSMANN, Lars. Gaming the world: how sports are reshaping global politics and culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2010.
MARQUES, Renato Francisco Rodrigues; MARCHI JÚNIOR, Wanderley. Migration for work: Brazilian futsal players’ labor conditions and disposition for mobility. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, v. 45, n. 3, p. 272–299, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520928592
MESSNER, Michael A. Power at play: sports and the problem of masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
OONK, Gijsbert. Sport and nationality: towards thick and thin forms of citizenship. National Identities, v. 24, n. 3, p. 197 - 215, 2020a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1815421
OONK, Gijsbert. Who may represent the country? football, citizenship, migration, and national identity at the FIFA World Cup. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 37, n. 11, p. 1046–1065, 2020b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1844188
PENG, Qi; SKINNER, James; HOULIHAN, Barrie. An analysis of the Chinese football reform of 2015: why then and not earlier? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 11, n.1, p. 1-18, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1536075
PP SPORTS. Nationality distribution of foreign aid in the Chinese Super League: Brazilians account for more than 40% at most. Mar. 2020. Available at: http://www.ppsport.com/article/news/881793.html. Accessed on: Mar. 7, 2021.
QING, Jue. The CPC’s centennial discourse on the “Chinese Nation” and its discourse development. Guizhou Ethnic Studies, v. 1. p. 18-23, 2022.
QINGMIN, Zhang. Sports diplomacy: the Chinese experience and perspective. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, v. 8, n. 3–4, p. 211–233, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-12341257
RAZACK, Sabrina; JOSEPH, Janelle. Misogynoir in women’s sport media: race, nation, and diaspora in the representation of Naomi Osaka. Media, Culture & Society, v. 43, n. 2, p. 291–308, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720960919
REICHE, Danyel; TINAZ, Cem. Policies for naturalisation of foreign-born athletes: Qatar and Turkey in comparison. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 11, n. 1, p. 153–171, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1528994
SEIPPEL, Ornulf. Sports and nationalism in a globalized world. International Journal of Sociology, v. 47, n. 1, p. 43–61, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2017.1264835
SHIN, NaRi; PARK, DooJae; PEACHEY, Jon Welty. Taegeuk warriors with blue eyes: a media discourse analysis of the South Korean men’s olympic ice hockey team and its naturalized athletes. Communication & Sport, v. 10, n. 6, p. 1134–1164, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520958402
SHEN, Liang. Olympic strategy, nationalism and legitimacy: the role of ideology in the development of Chinese elite sports policy in the first reform decade, 1978–1988. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 37, n. suppl. 1, p. 26–40, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1737021
SKEY, Michael. ‘What nationality he is doesn’t matter a damn!’ International football, mediated identities and conditional cosmopolitanism. National Identities, v. 17, n. 3, p. 271–287, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2014.934214
SMITH, Anthony. Nationalism: theory, ideology, history. Oxford: Wiley, 2013.
SMITH, Anthony. Nations and nationalism in global era. London: Polity Press, 1995.
SPORTS SUDU. Aikesen was isolated by his teammates in the team. Tencent, Jun. 2021. Available at: https://xw.qq.com/partner/vivoscreen/20210610A014RC00. Accessed on: Nov. 1, 2021.
STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. China’s medium and long-term football development plan (2016-2050). 2016. Available at: http://china-football-8.com/reform-programme-2016/. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.
STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. State Council’s opinions on accelerating the development of sports industry to promote sports consumption. n. 46, 2014. Available at: http://china-football-8.com/reform-programme-2014/. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.
TAJFEL, Henri. Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
TENCENT SPORTS. Naturalised national football players makes official debut showing. Tencent news, May. 2020a. Available at: https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200510A0G4KY00. Accessed on: Mar. 8, 2021.
TENCENT SPORTS. Naturalised players are about to go abroad for vacation: run away after earning money? Tencent news, Dec. 2020b. Available at: https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20201202A061P200. Accessed on: Mar. 8, 2021.
TITANBAKE. Reject the national football recruitment! Fernando does not approve long-term training and stays in Brazil. Sohu, Oct. 2021. Available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/495236638_500346. Access on: Nov. 1, 2021.
VAN CAMPENHOUT, Gijs; VAN HOUTUM, Henk. "I am German when we win, but I am an immigrant when we lose". Theorising on the deservedness of migrants in international football, using the case of Mesut Özil. Sport in Society, v. 24, n. 11, p. 1924–1940, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1865314
VAN CAMPENHOUT, Gijs; VAN STERKENBURG, Jacco; OONK, Gijsbert. Who counts as a migrant footballer? a critical reflection and alternative approach to migrant football players on national teams at the World Cup, 1930–2018. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 35, n. 11, p. 1071–1090, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1581769
VINCENT, John; HARRIS, John, ‘They think it’s all Dover!’ Popular newspaper narratives and images about the English football team and (re)presentations of national identity during Euro 2012, Soccer & Society, v. 15, n. 2, p. 222–240, Mar. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.849188
VINCENT, John; HILL, John, Flying the flag for the En-ger-land: The Sun ’s (re)construction of English identity during the 2010 World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, v. 16, n. 3, p. 187–209, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2011.635006
WAN, Yi. Nation identity of foreign athlete naturalization from the perspective of Delgado naturalization. Journal of Physical Education, v. 27, n. 1, p. 41-45, 2020.
WANG, Chun; WANG, Baili. Development of national traditional sports and modern Chinese nationalist thoughts. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, v. 35, n. 6, 2016.
WANG, Nan; ZHANG, Jie. Jiang Guangtai: Mom is proud of me being selected for the national football team. CCTV, Oct. 2020. Available at: http://tv.cctv.com/2020/10/09/VIDExn4vgI82bLmSI3yhWyy6201009.shtml. Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2021.
XI, Jinping. Speech at a ceremony marking the centenary of the communist party of China. Beijing, 2021. Available at: http://lv.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202107/t20210702_8990960.htm. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.
XI, Jinping. The Governance of China. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2014.
XU, Guoqi. Olympic dreams: China and sports, 1895–2008. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008.
YEKONG SPORTS. Jiang Guangtai: joining Chinese football is only for honoring the ancestors! Wangyi, Sept. 2019a. Available at: https://www.163.com/dy/article/EPTTJR1D0529H53H.html. Accessed on: Feb.11, 2021.
YEKONG SPORTS. Naturalised foreign aid: honoured to represent China. Wangyi, May 2019b. Available at: https://www.163.com/dy/article/EGF8NG9O0529COMV.html. Accessed on: Feb.10, 2021.
YU, Lin; NEWMAN, Joshua; XUE, Hanhan; PU, Haozhou. The transition game: toward a cultural economy of football in post-socialist China. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, p. 101269021774011, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217740114
YUNG, Sheung Ching; CHAN, Annie Hau Nung; PHILLIPS, David R. Athletic naturalization, nationality and nationalism – Naturalized players in Hong Kong’s representative (national) football team. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 56, n. 6, p. 859–876, Sept. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690220964770
ZENQUIS, Manuel R; MWANIKI, Munene F. The intersection of race, gender, and nationality in sport: media representation of the Ogwumike Sisters. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, v. 43, n. 1, p. 23–43. Feb, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518823338
ZHANG, Peng. Research on legal issues of naturalised athletes eligibility for international competitions. China Sport Science, v. 39, n. 8, p. 81-83, Aug. 2019.
ZHANG, Yao; SHU, Shengfang; CHEN, Zhiyong; PENG, Guoqiang. The identification construction of Asian football players’ naturalisation path and Chinese context. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, v. 39, n. 4, p.69-74, Jul. 2020.
ZHENG, Jinming; CHEN, Shushu; TAN, Tien Chin; LAU, Patrick Wing Chung. Sport policy in China (Mainland). International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 10, n. 3, p. 469–491, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1413585
ZHU, Lun; CHEN, Yuyao, Nationalism: perspectives of contemporary Western scholars. Shanghai: Social Sciences Press, 2013. p. 506-511.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Movimento

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A revista Movimento adota a licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) para os trabalhos aprovados e publicados. Isso significa que os/as autores/as:
- mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação; e
- têm o direito de compartilhar (copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato) e adaptar (remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial).
