Naturalization in Chinese football

legal issues, nationalism, and identity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.125536

Keywords:

Footballers’ Naturalization, Chinese Football, Nationalism, Social Identity

Abstract

The nationality conversion of athletes is no longer a novelty in international sports, however, the case of footballers’ naturalization in China has received little academic attention. The introduction of overseas talents was endorsed by national policy, with the purpose of strengthening the Chinese national team aiming to reach the World Cup. This article examines some legal concepts in Chinese footballers' naturalization and discusses this phenomenon from a sociological perspective. The purpose is to employ the football athletes’ nationality swapping as a case to discuss the status quo of this sport in China, and meanwhile, to discuss nationalism and social identity under the interaction of sports and society.

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Dongye Lyu, College of Education Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)

LYU Dongye, researcher at Department of Applied Communication, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, lecturer at College of Education Sciences, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou). His main research direction is sports communication and sports management. 

 

 

References

ABDI, Kambiz; TALEBPOUR, Mahdi; FULLERTON, Jami; RANJKESH, Mohammad Javad; JABBARI NOOGHABI, Hadi. Converting sports diplomacy to diplomatic outcomes: introducing a sports diplomacy model. International Area Studies Review, v. 21, n. 4, p. 365–381, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865918808058

AMARA, Mahfoud. Sport, politics and society in the Arab world. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

ANDERSON, Benedict. Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso books, 2006.

BAIRNER, Alan. Sport, nationalism, and globalisation: European and North American perspectives. New York: State University of New York Press, 2001.

BROWNELL, Susan. Training the body for China: sports in the moral order of the People’s Republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

CHA, Victor. Role of sport in international relations: national rebirth and renewal. Asian Economic Policy Review, v. 11, n. 1, p. 139–155, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12127

CHAI Minquan; GUAN Jian. From individual identity to national identity: a social psychological path. Nanjing Social Sciences, v.11, p. 76-81,87, 2018.

CHANG, Yonghwan. Exploring the patterns of dual attitude changes in the context of athlete endorsement: the interplay of fit, evaluative conditioning, and introspection focus. Journal of Sport Management, v. 32, n. 5, p. 413–425, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0149

CHEN, Jian. Mao’s China and the cold war. Chapel Hill/London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

CHENG, Kai. The construction of national consciousness in modern China from the perspective of nationalism. Modern Communication, n. 5, p. 48-49, jun. 2017.

CHIU, Andy. Challenges and complexities of imagining nationhood: the case of Hong Kong’s naturalized footballers. Sport in Society, v. 24, n. 11, p. 1878-1892, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1944116

CHOI, Yeomi. Running for Korea: rethinking of sport migration and in/flexible citizenship. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 55, n. 3, p. 361–379, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218807364

ELIAS, Norbert; SCOTSON, John L. The established and the outsiders. London: Sage Publications, 1995.

ENGLAND FOOTBALL ONLINE, England national football team player eligibility, March 5, 2011. Available at: http://www.englandfootballonline.com/teamback/eligibiliy.html. Accessed on: Mar. 5, 2021.

FALCOUS, Mark. White is the new black? Football, media and the New Zealand imagination. Soccer & Society, v. 16, n. 4, p. 555–572, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.891987

FAN, Hong. China. In: HOULIHAN, Barrie; GREEN, Mick (org.). Comparative elite sport development: systems, structures and public policy. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.

FAN, Hong; LU, Zhouxiang. Representing the new China and the sovietisation of Chinese sport (1949-1962). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1–29, 2012a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.634982

FAN, Hong; LU, Zhouxiang. Sport, militarism and diplomacy: training bodies for China (1960-1966). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 30–52, 2012b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.634983

FEI, Xiaotong. The pattern of diversity and unity of the Chinese nation. Beijing: Minzu University of China Press, 1989.

FIFA. Proposal for amendments to the Regulations Governing the Application of the Statutes. 2020. Available at: https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/429b9c2aa699afdc/original/gv5axxtvu2aydszqfiw6-pdf.pdf. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.

GIBBONS, Tom. Fan debates on English national identity surrounding the Almunia case. Soccer & Society, v. 16, n. 2–3, p. 344–359, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.961386

GIULIANOTTI, Richard; ROBERTSON, Roland. Globalisation & Football. London: SAGE Publications. 2009.

GIULIANOTTI, Richard; ROBERTSON, Roland. The globalization of football: a study in the glocalization of the “serious life.” British Journal of Sociology, v. 55, n. 4, 545–568, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00037.x

GORDON, Milton Myron. Assimilation in American life: the role of race, religion, and national origins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964

GRIX, Jonathan. Sport politics: an introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

HAI, Wanping; LIANG, Zhugui; CHEN, Zhi-Bin. Motivations, effects and practical directions of naturalized foreign players in Chinese football. Journal of the Shanghai Sports Institute, v. 45, n. 4, p. 58-67, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16099/j.sus.2021.04.006

HIRAMOTO, Mie. “Her soul is Japanese”: Naomi Osaka, mediatization, and intersectionality. Discourse, Context & Media, v. 32, p. 100351, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100351

HO, Lawrence Ka-Ki; CHIU, Andy. ‘Indigenous’ or ‘All Stars’: discourses on ‘Team Hong Kong’ in a FIFA World Cup Tournament. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 33, n. 11, p. 1226–1241, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1267150

HOBSBAWM, Eric. Nations and nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University. 1992.

HORNBY, Albert Sydney; LEA, Diana; BRADBERY, Jennifer. Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020.

HUANG, Shixi. Legal issues in sports nationality changing. Journal of Physical Education, v. 20, n. 3, p.38-40, 2013.

HUNTINGTON, Samuel. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

HWANG, Tony; JARVIE, Grant. Sport, nationalism and the early Chinese Republic 1912–1927. The Sports Historian, v. 21, n. 2, p. 1–19, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17460260109447879

JANSEN, Joost, Nationality swapping in the Olympic Games 1978–2017: a supervised machine learning approach to analyzing discourses of citizenship and nationhood, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 54, n. 8, p. 971–988, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218773969

JANSEN, Joost; OONK, Gijsbert; ENGBERSEN, Godfried. Nationality swapping in the Olympic field: towards the marketization of citizenship? Citizenship Studies, v. 22, n. 5, p. 523–539, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1477921

JARVIE, Grant; HWANG, Dong-Jhy; BRENNAN, Mel. Sport, revolution and the Beijing Olympics. Oxford, UK: Berg, 2008.

JIANG, Qiaolei, Celebrity athletes, soft power and national identity: Hong Kong newspaper coverage of the Olympic champions of Beijing 2008 and London 2012. Mass Communication and Society, v. 16, n. 6, p. 888–909, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2013.789528

LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel. Beyond the football fields: Chinese sports diplomacy. In: MENDES, Carmen Amado; CARDOSO, Daniel (org.). Narratives and perceptions: Chinese soft power in the 21st century. Lisboa: Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, 2022.

LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel; RODRIGUES, Carlos. The Chinese football development plan: soft power and national identity. Holos, v. 5, p. 114–126, sep. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2017.5750

LEITE JUNIOR, Emanuel; RODRIGUES, Carlos. The Chinese plan for football development: a perspective from innovation theory. Sport, Business and Management: an international journal, v. 9, n. 1, p. 63-77, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2017-0067

LIČEN, Simon; BILLINGS, Andrew. Affirming nationality in transnational circumstances: Slovenian coverage of continental franchise sports competitions, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 48, n. 6, p. 751–767, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212446821

LIU, Wennan. Disciplinary daily life: new life movement and modern state governance. Journal of Nanjing University, v. 50, n. 5, p. 89-102,159-160, 2013.

LOVISOLO, Hugo; SOARES, Antonio Jorge G. Futebol: construção histórica do estilo nacional. In: HELAL, Ronaldo (org.). Futebol, jornalismo e ciências sociais: interações. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Eduerj, 2011. p. 33–51.

LU, Zhouxiang. Sport, Nationalism and the building of the modern Chinese nation state (1912–49). The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 28, n. 7, p. 1030–1054, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.563635

LU, Zhouxiang; FAN, Hong. China’s sports heroes: nationalism, patriotism, and gold medal. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 36, n. 7–8, p. 748–763, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1657839

MAO, Tse-Tung. A Study of Physical Education. 1917. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-6/mswv6_01.htm. Accessed on: July 26, 2021.

MARKOVITS, Andrei S.; RENSMANN, Lars. Gaming the world: how sports are reshaping global politics and culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2010.

MARQUES, Renato Francisco Rodrigues; MARCHI JÚNIOR, Wanderley. Migration for work: Brazilian futsal players’ labor conditions and disposition for mobility. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, v. 45, n. 3, p. 272–299, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520928592

MESSNER, Michael A. Power at play: sports and the problem of masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.

OONK, Gijsbert. Sport and nationality: towards thick and thin forms of citizenship. National Identities, v. 24, n. 3, p. 197 - 215, 2020a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1815421

OONK, Gijsbert. Who may represent the country? football, citizenship, migration, and national identity at the FIFA World Cup. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 37, n. 11, p. 1046–1065, 2020b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1844188

PENG, Qi; SKINNER, James; HOULIHAN, Barrie. An analysis of the Chinese football reform of 2015: why then and not earlier? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 11, n.1, p. 1-18, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1536075

PP SPORTS. Nationality distribution of foreign aid in the Chinese Super League: Brazilians account for more than 40% at most. Mar. 2020. Available at: http://www.ppsport.com/article/news/881793.html. Accessed on: Mar. 7, 2021.

QING, Jue. The CPC’s centennial discourse on the “Chinese Nation” and its discourse development. Guizhou Ethnic Studies, v. 1. p. 18-23, 2022.

QINGMIN, Zhang. Sports diplomacy: the Chinese experience and perspective. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, v. 8, n. 3–4, p. 211–233, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-12341257

RAZACK, Sabrina; JOSEPH, Janelle. Misogynoir in women’s sport media: race, nation, and diaspora in the representation of Naomi Osaka. Media, Culture & Society, v. 43, n. 2, p. 291–308, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720960919

REICHE, Danyel; TINAZ, Cem. Policies for naturalisation of foreign-born athletes: Qatar and Turkey in comparison. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 11, n. 1, p. 153–171, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1528994

SEIPPEL, Ornulf. Sports and nationalism in a globalized world. International Journal of Sociology, v. 47, n. 1, p. 43–61, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2017.1264835

SHIN, NaRi; PARK, DooJae; PEACHEY, Jon Welty. Taegeuk warriors with blue eyes: a media discourse analysis of the South Korean men’s olympic ice hockey team and its naturalized athletes. Communication & Sport, v. 10, n. 6, p. 1134–1164, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520958402

SHEN, Liang. Olympic strategy, nationalism and legitimacy: the role of ideology in the development of Chinese elite sports policy in the first reform decade, 1978–1988. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 37, n. suppl. 1, p. 26–40, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1737021

SKEY, Michael. ‘What nationality he is doesn’t matter a damn!’ International football, mediated identities and conditional cosmopolitanism. National Identities, v. 17, n. 3, p. 271–287, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2014.934214

SMITH, Anthony. Nationalism: theory, ideology, history. Oxford: Wiley, 2013.

SMITH, Anthony. Nations and nationalism in global era. London: Polity Press, 1995.

SPORTS SUDU. Aikesen was isolated by his teammates in the team. Tencent, Jun. 2021. Available at: https://xw.qq.com/partner/vivoscreen/20210610A014RC00. Accessed on: Nov. 1, 2021.

STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. China’s medium and long-term football development plan (2016-2050). 2016. Available at: http://china-football-8.com/reform-programme-2016/. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.

STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. State Council’s opinions on accelerating the development of sports industry to promote sports consumption. n. 46, 2014. Available at: http://china-football-8.com/reform-programme-2014/. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.

TAJFEL, Henri. Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

TENCENT SPORTS. Naturalised national football players makes official debut showing. Tencent news, May. 2020a. Available at: https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200510A0G4KY00. Accessed on: Mar. 8, 2021.

TENCENT SPORTS. Naturalised players are about to go abroad for vacation: run away after earning money? Tencent news, Dec. 2020b. Available at: https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20201202A061P200. Accessed on: Mar. 8, 2021.

TITANBAKE. Reject the national football recruitment! Fernando does not approve long-term training and stays in Brazil. Sohu, Oct. 2021. Available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/495236638_500346. Access on: Nov. 1, 2021.

VAN CAMPENHOUT, Gijs; VAN HOUTUM, Henk. "I am German when we win, but I am an immigrant when we lose". Theorising on the deservedness of migrants in international football, using the case of Mesut Özil. Sport in Society, v. 24, n. 11, p. 1924–1940, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1865314

VAN CAMPENHOUT, Gijs; VAN STERKENBURG, Jacco; OONK, Gijsbert. Who counts as a migrant footballer? a critical reflection and alternative approach to migrant football players on national teams at the World Cup, 1930–2018. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 35, n. 11, p. 1071–1090, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1581769

VINCENT, John; HARRIS, John, ‘They think it’s all Dover!’ Popular newspaper narratives and images about the English football team and (re)presentations of national identity during Euro 2012, Soccer & Society, v. 15, n. 2, p. 222–240, Mar. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.849188

VINCENT, John; HILL, John, Flying the flag for the En-ger-land: The Sun ’s (re)construction of English identity during the 2010 World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, v. 16, n. 3, p. 187–209, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2011.635006

WAN, Yi. Nation identity of foreign athlete naturalization from the perspective of Delgado naturalization. Journal of Physical Education, v. 27, n. 1, p. 41-45, 2020.

WANG, Chun; WANG, Baili. Development of national traditional sports and modern Chinese nationalist thoughts. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, v. 35, n. 6, 2016.

WANG, Nan; ZHANG, Jie. Jiang Guangtai: Mom is proud of me being selected for the national football team. CCTV, Oct. 2020. Available at: http://tv.cctv.com/2020/10/09/VIDExn4vgI82bLmSI3yhWyy6201009.shtml. Accessed on: Mar. 10, 2021.

XI, Jinping. Speech at a ceremony marking the centenary of the communist party of China. Beijing, 2021. Available at: http://lv.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202107/t20210702_8990960.htm. Accessed on: June 30, 2023.

XI, Jinping. The Governance of China. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2014.

XU, Guoqi. Olympic dreams: China and sports, 1895–2008. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008.

YEKONG SPORTS. Jiang Guangtai: joining Chinese football is only for honoring the ancestors! Wangyi, Sept. 2019a. Available at: https://www.163.com/dy/article/EPTTJR1D0529H53H.html. Accessed on: Feb.11, 2021.

YEKONG SPORTS. Naturalised foreign aid: honoured to represent China. Wangyi, May 2019b. Available at: https://www.163.com/dy/article/EGF8NG9O0529COMV.html. Accessed on: Feb.10, 2021.

YU, Lin; NEWMAN, Joshua; XUE, Hanhan; PU, Haozhou. The transition game: toward a cultural economy of football in post-socialist China. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, p. 101269021774011, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217740114

YUNG, Sheung Ching; CHAN, Annie Hau Nung; PHILLIPS, David R. Athletic naturalization, nationality and nationalism – Naturalized players in Hong Kong’s representative (national) football team. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 56, n. 6, p. 859–876, Sept. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690220964770

ZENQUIS, Manuel R; MWANIKI, Munene F. The intersection of race, gender, and nationality in sport: media representation of the Ogwumike Sisters. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, v. 43, n. 1, p. 23–43. Feb, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518823338

ZHANG, Peng. Research on legal issues of naturalised athletes eligibility for international competitions. China Sport Science, v. 39, n. 8, p. 81-83, Aug. 2019.

ZHANG, Yao; SHU, Shengfang; CHEN, Zhiyong; PENG, Guoqiang. The identification construction of Asian football players’ naturalisation path and Chinese context. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, v. 39, n. 4, p.69-74, Jul. 2020.

ZHENG, Jinming; CHEN, Shushu; TAN, Tien Chin; LAU, Patrick Wing Chung. Sport policy in China (Mainland). International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 10, n. 3, p. 469–491, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1413585

ZHU, Lun; CHEN, Yuyao, Nationalism: perspectives of contemporary Western scholars. Shanghai: Social Sciences Press, 2013. p. 506-511.

Downloads

Published

2023-07-25

How to Cite

LYU, D.; LEITE JUNIOR, E. Naturalization in Chinese football: legal issues, nationalism, and identity . Movimento, [S. l.], v. 29, p. e29031, 2023. DOI: 10.22456/1982-8918.125536. Disponível em: https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/Movimento/article/view/125536. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2025.

Issue

Section

Original Articles