Physical activity for health, Covid-19 and social media
what, where and why?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.122533Keywords:
Physical Education, Health, Digital inclusion, Digital TechnologyAbstract
This study focuses on Physical Education (PE) teachers’ use of social media to teach physical activity for health during the covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on appreciative inquiry and utilising a grounded theory methodology, analysis of two interviews and a digital task allow us to present three main themes: (1) Social Media as a Teaching Tool, (2) A Lasting Digital Legacy?, and (3) Inequity of Remote Learning. These themes highlight the rush to utilise social media when the physical spaces of PE were removed, the recognition that teaching could be different in the future, and challenges inherent to digital spaces. In concluding we: (1) advocate for effective initial teacher education and ongoing professional development in the positive use of digital technologies, (2) suggest that future online activities incorporate learning, and (3) urge governments to do more in terms of levelling out technological inequalities.
Downloads
References
ALFREY, Laura; CALE, Lorraine; WEBB, Louisa A. Physical education teachers’ continuing professional development in health-related exercise. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, v. 17, n. 5, p. 477-491, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2011.594429
ARMOUR, Kathleen; HARRIS, Jo. Making the case for developing new PE-for-health pedagogies. Quest, v. 65, n. 2, p. 201-219. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2013.773531
AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM, ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING AUTHORITY. The shape of the Australian curriculum: Health and Physical Education. Sydney: ACARA, 2012.
AVILA, Marla A. G.; HAMAMOTO FILHO, Pedro T.; JACOB, Francine L. S; ALCANTARA, Léia R. S.; BERGHAMMER, Malin; NOLBRIS, Margaretha J.; OLAYA-CONTRERAS, Patricia; NILSSON, Stefan. Children’s anxiety and factors related to the covid-19 pandemic: an exploratory study using the children’s anxiety questionnaire and the numerical rating scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 17, n. 16, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165757
BAILEY, Ricard; ARMOUR, Kathleen; KIRK, David; JESS, Mike; PICKUP, Ian; SANDFORD, Rachel. The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: an academic review. Research Papers in Education, v. 24, n. 1, p. 1-27, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701809817
BALLANTYNE, Neil; DUNCALF, Zachari; DALY, Ellen. Corporate parenting in the network society. Journal of Technology in Human Services, v. 28, n. 1-2, p. 95-107, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15228831003759612
BATES, Lauren C.; ZIEFF, Gabriel; STANFORD, Kathlee.; MOORE, Justin B.; KERR, Zachary Y.; HANSON, Erik; GIBBS, B.; KLINE, Christopher; STONER, Lee. Covid-19 Impact on behaviors across the 24-hour day in children and adolescents: physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. Children, v. 7, n. 9, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children7090138
BROWN, Trent. A vision lost? (Re)articulating an Arnoldian conception of education ‘in’ movement in physical education. Sport, Education and Society, v. 18, n. 1, p. 21-37, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.716758
CALE, Lorraine; HARRIS, Jo. Exercise and Young People: issues, implications and initiatives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
CALE, Lorraine; HARRIS, Jo. Fitness testing in physical education – a misdirected effort in promoting healthy lifestyles and physical activity? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, v. 14, n. 1, p. 89-108, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408980701345782
CALE, Lorraine; HARRIS, Jo; CHEN, Ming Hung. Monitoring health, activity and fitness in physical education: its current and future state of health. Sport, Education and Society, v. 19, n. 4, p. 376-397, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.681298
CALE, Lorraine; HARRIS, Jo; DUNCOMBE, Rebecca. Promoting physical activity in secondary schools: growing expectations, ‘same old’ issues?. European Physical Education Review, v. 22, n. 4, p. 526-544, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X15623774
CASEY, Ashley; GOODYEAR, Victoria A.; ARMOUR, Kathleen. Digital Technologies and Learning in Physical Education. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017.
CHARMAZ, Kathy. Constructing grounded theory. 2nd. ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2014.
CHARMAZ, Kathy. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage. 2006.
CHARMAZ, Kathy. Constructivist and objectivist grounded theory. In: DENZIN, Norman; LINCOLN, Yvonna (ed.) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd. ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2000. p. 509-535.
CHARMAZ, Kathy. Grounded theory. In: SMITH, Jonathan (ed.) Qualitative psychology: a practical guide to research methods. 3rd. ed. London: Sage, 2015. p. 53-84.
CHARMAZ, Kathy; THORNBERG, Robert; KEANE, Elaine. Evolving grounded theory and social justice inquiry. In: DENZIN, Norman; LINCOLN, Yvonna S. (ed.) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 5th. ed. London: Sage, 2018. p. 411-443.
CRUICKSHANK, V.; PILL, S.; MAINSBRIDGE, C. ‘Just do some physical activity’: Exploring experiences of teaching physical education online during covid-19. Issues in Educational Research, v. 31, n. 1, p. 76-93, 2021.
DUNTON, Genevieve F.; DO, Bridgette; WANG, Shirlene D. Early effects of the covid-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the U.S. BMC Public Health, v. 20, n. 1351, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09429-3
GET HELP WITH TECHNOLOGY DURING CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19). United Kingdom: Department for Education, 2020. Available at https://www.gov.uk/guidance/get-help-with-technology-for-remote-education-during-coronavirus-covid-19. Accessed on Aug. 5, 2021.
GOODYEAR, Victoria A.; ARMOUR, Kathleen M. Young people, social media and health. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.
GOODYEAR, Victoria A.; ARMOUR, Kathleen M.; WOOD, Hannah. Young people and their engagements with health-related social media: new perspectives. Sport, Education and Society, v. 24, n. 7, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1423464
HARRIS, Jo; LEGGETT, Gemma. Influences on the expression of health within physical education curricula in secondary schools in England and Wales. Sport, Education and Society, v. 20, n. 7, p. 908-923, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2013.853659
HILL, Joanne; SANDFORD, Rachel; ENRIGHT, Eimear. ‘It has really amazed me what my body can now do’: boundary work and the construction of a body-positive dance community. Sport in Society, v. 19, n. 5, p. 667-679, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1073946
HOLT, Nicholas; KNIGHT, Camila; TAMMINEN, Katherine. Grounded Theory. In: ARMOUR, Kathleen; MACDONALD, Doune. (ed.) Research Methods in Physical Education and Youth Sport. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012. p. 276-294.
HOWLEY, Donald. Experiences of teaching and learning in K-12 physical education during covid-19: an international comparative case study. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1922658
HYNDMAN, Brendon; HARVEY, Stephen. Health and Physical Education teacher education 2.0: pre-service teachers’ perceptions on developing digital twitter skills. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, v. 44, n. 2, p. 34-49, 2019. Available at https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1207766.pdf. Accessed on 11 mar. 2022.
JEONG, Hyun- Chul; SO, Wi - Young. Difficulties of online physical education classes in middle and high school and an efficient operation plan to address them. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 17, n. 19, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197279
JIAO, Wen; WANG, Lin; LIU, Juan; FANG, Shuan; JIAO, Fu; PETTOELLO-MANTOVANI, Massimo; SOMEKH, Eli. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the covid-19 epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, v. 221, p. 264-266, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
KELION, Leo. Online schooling: calls to cut data fees during covid lockdowns. BBC News, Jan. 5, 2021. Available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-55544196. Accessed on Nov. 3, 2021.
KIRK, David. Physical Education futures. London: Routledge, 2010.
KIRK, David. What is the future for physical education in the 21st century? In: CAPEL, S.; WHITEHEAD, M. Debates in Physical Education. London: Routledge, 2012. p. 220-231.
KIRK, David; BARDID, Farid; LAMB, Cara; MILLAR, John; TERAOKA, Eishin. Redesigning physical education in Scotland. In: LAWSON, Hal. (ed.) Redesigning Physical Education. Abingdon: Routledge, 2018. p. 145-155.
KOCH, Michael; VON LUCK, Kai; SCHWARZER, Jan; DRAHEIM, Susanne. The novelty effect in large display deployments – experiences and lessons-learned for evaluating prototypes. In: EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK, 16., 2018. Proceedings […] European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies, 2018. p. 2510-2591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18420/ecscw2018_3
KOVACS, Viktoria A. et al. Physical activity, screen time and the covid-19 school closures in Europe – An observational study in 10 countries. European Journal of Sport Science, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1897166
KRUTKA, Daniel G.; CARPENTER, Jeffrey P. Why social media must have a place in schools. Kappa Delta Pi Record, v. 52, n. 1, p. 6-10, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2016.1123048
LAW, Nancy; PELGRUM, Willem; PLOMP, Tjeerd. (ed.) Pedagogy and ict use in schools around the world: findings from the IEA SITES 2006 Study. Germany: Springer, Dordrecht, 2008.
LIVINGSTONE, Sonia. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, v. 10, n. 3, p. 393-411, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808089415
LOCKDOWN LEADS TO SURGE IN TV SCREEN TIME AND STREAMING. United Kingdom, OffCom, 2020. Available at https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/media/media-releases/2020/lockdown-leads-to-surge-in-tv-screen-time-and-streaming. Accessed on Aug. 5, 2021.
MERCIER, Kevin et al. Physical Education teachers’ experiences with remote instruction during the initial phase of the covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Teaching in Physical education, v. 40, n. 2, p. 337-342, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2020-0272
MORRIS, Sean M.; STOMMEL, Jesse. An urgency of teachers: the work of critical digital pedagogy. [S.l.] Hybrid Pedagogy, 2018.
NAGATA, Jason M.; MAGID, Hoda S.; GABRIEL, Kelley P. Screen time for children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Obesity, v. 28, n. 9, p. 1582-1583, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22917
NATIONAL OVERVIEW OF PRACTICE IN REMOTE LEARNING: Parents, carers and learners. Scotland: Education Scotland , 2021. Available at https://education.gov.scot/media/mclbckrn/national-overview-of-practice-in-remote-learning-3-parents-carers-and-learners.pdf. Accessed on Feb. 22, 2022.
NEW ZEALAND MINISTRY OF EDUCATION. The New Zealand Curriculum: Health and physical education. Wellington: NZMoE, 2020.
ORGILÉS, Mirea; MORALES, Alexandra; DELVECCHIO, Elisa; MAZZESCHI, Claudia; ESPADA, José. Immediate psychological effects of the covid-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, v. 11, n. 579038, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579038
PILL, Shane. An appreciative inquiry exploring game sense teaching in physical education. Sport, Education and Society, v. 21, n. 2, p. 279-297, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2014.912624
PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND. Public Health England Social Marketing Strategy 2017 to 2020. United Kingdom, 2017. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/public-health-england-marketing-strategy-2017-to-2020. Accessed on Oct. 6, 2021.
PUNCH, Keith. Introduction to research methods in education. London: Sage, 2011.
QUENNERSTEDT, Mikael. Physical education and the art of teaching: transformative learning and teaching in physical education and sports pedagogy. Sport, Education and Society, v. 24, n. 6, p. 611-623, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1574731
SANDFORD, Rachel. Problem-solving: Problems as possibilities for learning. In: CHAMBERS, Fiona; JONES, Anne; MURPHY, Orla; SANDFORD, Rachel (ed.) Design thinking for digital well-being. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019. p. 167-185.
SARGENT, Julia; CASEY, Ashley. Appreciative inquiry for physical education and sport pedagogy research: a methodological illustration though teachers’ uses of digital technology. Sport, Education and Society, v. 26, n. 1, p. 45-57, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1689942
SCULLY, Darina; LEHANE, Paula; SCULLY, Connor. ‘It is no longer scary’: digital learning before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Irish secondary schools. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, v. 30, n. 1, p. 159-181, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1854844
SELWYN, Neil. Is technology good for education? Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.
SEN, Robin. Not all that is solid melts into air? care-experienced young people, friendship and relationships in the ‘digital age’. British Journal of Social Work, v. 46, n. 4, p. 1056-1075, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu152
SINGH, Shweta; ROY, Deblina; SINHA, Krittika; PARVEEN, Sheeba; SHARMA, Ginni; JOSHI, Gunjan. Impact of covid-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: a narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, v. 293, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
SPORT ENGLAND. Active Lives. United Kingdom, 2021. Available at https://activelives.sportengland.org/. Accessed on Dec. 13, 2021.
STATISTA. Social media - statistic & facts: social media usage worldwide. New York, 2022. Available at http://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-numbers-of-users/. Accessed on Feb. 16, 2022.
STIRRUP, Joe; HOOPER, Oiver; SANDFORD, Rachel; HARRIS, Jo; CASEY, Ash; CALE, Lorraine. ‘PE’ with Joe (Bloggs): The rise and risks of celebrity ‘teachers’. In: British Educational Research Association. BERA Blog. London, Jul. 20, 2020. Available at https://www.bera.ac.uk/blog/pe-with-joe-bloggs-the-rise-and-risks-of-celebrity-teachers. Accessed on Feb. 22, 2022.
THORBURN, Malcon; GRAY, Shirley. Physical education: picking up the baton. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic, 2010.
TINNING, Richard. The idea of physical education: a memetic perspective. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, v. 17, n. 2, p. 115-126, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2011.582488
VAREA, Valeria; GONZALEZ-CALVO, G.; GARCIA-MONGE, A. Exploring the changes of physical education in the age of covid-19. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, v. 27, n. 1, p. 32-42, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1861233
WEBSTER, Collin; D’AGOSTINO, Emily; URTEL, Mark; MCMULLEN, Jaimie; CULP, Brian; LOIACONO, Cate; KILLIAN, Chad. Physical Education in the covid era: considerations for online program delivery using the comprehensive school physical activity program framework. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, v. 40, n. 2, p. 327-336, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2020-0182
WEST, Anne; BAILEY, Elizabeth. The development of the academies programme: ‘privatising’ school-based education in England 1986-2013. British Journal of Educational Studies, v. 61, n. 2, p. 137-159, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2013.789480
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world. Geneva: WHO, 2018. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272722. Accessed on Feb. 22, 2022.
XIANG, Mi; ZHANG, Zhiruo; KUWAHARA, Keisuke. Impact of covid-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, v. 63, n. 4, p. 531-532, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Movimento (Porto Alegre)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Movimento adopts the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) for approved and published works. This means that authors:
- keep their copyrights and grant right of first publication to the journal; and
- as long as the authors’ names and Movimento’s initial publication rights are acknowledged, the authors may share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially).
