The Special in Education: meanings and uses

Abstract

Several international organizations have played a critical role arguing against the traditional use of the term special in education. Integrated education and, subsequently, inclusive education were valued, as well as student diversity. Italy is a specific case for its radical 1977’s integration policy. France presents a kaleidoscope of institutions and professionals, inherited from the historical roots of Special Education. The 2005’s law no longer mentions Special Education, and the 2013’s law recognizes the inclusion of every child in school. Paradoxical uses of the special still remain in Italy and Brazil. Finally, we addressed the issue of the relationship between ethics and democratization.