De Manchester a Chicago: etnografia, comparação e generalização na teoria fundamentada e no estudo de caso ampliado
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0337/e138711Palavras-chave:
ciência reflexiva, positivismo, epistemologia, observação participante, metodologia.Resumo
Embora ambas busquem ancorar a conceituação sociológica num engajamento profundo com os dados empíricos, a teoria fundamentada (Grounded Theory) de Glaser e Strauss e o estudo de caso ampliado (Extended Case Method) de Burawoy divergem, no entanto, singularmente nas suas formas de encarar a extensão do estudo de caso e de reconhecer o contexto mais amplo da pesquisa no processo de teorização – revelando afinidades eletivas, por um lado, com uma abordagem positivista voltada para as interações locais e, por outro lado, com uma perspectiva reflexiva sensível com as dinâmicas globais. Para elucidar as raízes destas semelhanças e divergências, este artigo visa estimular um diálogo interdisciplinar entre esses legados metodológicos da sociologia de Chicago e da antropologia social de Manchester: (1) localizando-as dentro dos debates epistemológicos fundamentais das Ciências Sociais a respeito da relação entre observador e participante no cerne do processo de coleta de dados; (2) reconstruindo as gêneses e conexões que existem entre Chicago e Manchester, destacando os processos sociais e científicos que moldaram suas contribuições singulares para a história disciplinar da Sociologia e da Antropologia; (3) retornando, por fim, à antinomia entre suas concepções de comparação e generalização, destacando assim o contraste epistemológico existente entre estas duas abordagens. Ao longo dessas trajetórias disciplinares, paralelas, mas contraditórias, surgem assim recursos metodológicos que respondem cada um de forma distinta ao desafio de conectar forças globais e dinâmicas locais – ressaltando, assim, a importância do diálogo interdisciplinar e dos cruzamentos entre escolas de pensamento distintas na história e no futuro das Ciências Sociais.
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