De Manchester à Chicago: ethnographie, comparaison et généralisation dans la théorie ancrée et l’étude de cas élargie
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0337/e138711Keywords:
science réflexive, positivisme, épistémologie, observation participante, méthodologie.Abstract
Cherchant toutes deux à enraciner la conceptualisation sociologique dans un engagement approfondi des données empiriques, la théorie ancrée (Grounded Theory) de Glaser et Strauss et l’étude de cas élargie (Extended Case Method) de Michael Burawoy divergent toutefois singulièrement dans leurs manières d’aborder l’extension de l’étude de cas et de reconnaître le contexte de recherche plus large dans le processus de théorisation. Pour éclairer les fondements de ces similitudes et divergences, cet article vise ainsi à reconstituer un dialogue entre ces héritages méthodologiques de la sociologie de Chicago et de l’anthropologie sociale de Manchester: (1) en les situant dans les débats épistémologiques fondamentaux des sciences sociales en ce qui concerne la relation entre observateur et participant au coeur du processus de collecte de données sociologiques; (2) en reconstruisant ensuite l’historique de leurs genèses et les connexions existant entre Chicago et Manchester, soulignant les processus sociaux et scientifiques qui ont façonné leurs contributions singulières à l’histoire disciplinaire de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie; (3) en revenant finalement sur l’antinomie entre leurs conceptions de la comparaison et de la généralisation, mettant ainsi en exergue le contraste épistémologique existant entre ces deux approches. Au fil de ces trajectoires disciplinaires parallèles, mais contradictoires, émergent ainsi des ressources méthodologiques répondant chacune de manière distincte au défi de connecter forces globales et dynamiques locales – soulignant ainsi l’importance du dialogue interdisciplinaire et des croisements entre écoles distinctes dans l’histoire et le devenir des sciences sociales.
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