Modernizations, modernities, and modernism in republican Brazil in the early 20th century
Abstract
This article was written as an opening lecture for the II Encontro de Pensamento Social Brasileiro: 100 years of 1922 and the transformations of modern Brazil. In it, I highlight what I understand to be a political-cultural project of modernization of the country through a “national education,” which was explicit in the 1890s, and remained on the agenda in the following decades. For that, I analyze the contributions of three essential authors – José Veríssimo, Gonzaga Duque, and João Ribeiro – working with three of their books, little known but very representative of the thinking of a good part of the intellectual elites of the First Republic. Seeing themselves as bearers of a mission dedicated to overcoming the country’s backwardness,” they relativized scientific determinisms (climate and race), defending that public and compulsory education was an effective possibility of nationalizing and modernizing Brazil.
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