Green method for quantification of gatifloxacin in eye drops using UV by eco-scale assessment

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.134965

Keywords:

gatifloxacin, eye drops, spectrophotometry in ultraviolet region, green analytical chemistry

Abstract

Gatifloxacin (GAT), a fluoroquinolone, does not present a monograph described in official compendia and the literature presents some analytical methods for its evaluation, but with space for eco-efficient methods. The objective was to develop and validate a green and indicative of stability method by UV for quantitative evaluation of GAT in eye drops. Purified water, as a diluent, quartz cubette and 286 nm were used. The method was linear in the range of 4 – 12 µg mL-1 (0.9997), precise (RSD < 5 %), selective in the comparison of standard and sample and by the forced degradation, exact with average recovery of 100.21 %, robust against changes in wavelength, source of purified water and use of ultrasound. The method was able to quantify and evaluate the stability of GAT in eye drops in green form according to the Eco-Scale Assessment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Razzaq, S.N., Ashfaq, M., Khan, I.U., Mariam, I., Razzaq, S.S., Mustafa, G., & Zubair, M. Development and validation of liquid chromatographic method for gatifloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine in combined dosage form. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 53:1-8.

El-Gammal, R.N., Hammouda, M.E.A., El-Wasseef, D.R., & El-Ashry, S.M. Simultaneous Determination of Gatifloxacin and Prednisolone in their Bulk Powder, Synthetic Mixture and Their Combined Ophthalmic Preparation Using Micellar Liquid Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2018; 56:367-374.

Grace, A.C., Prabha, T., Jagadeeswaran, M., Srinivasan, K., & Sivakumar, T. Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Determination of Gatifloxacin in Ophthalmic Dosage Form. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 2019; 11:1814- 1820.

Saad, M.N., Essam, H.M., Elzanfaly, E.S., & Amer, S.M. Optimization Approach: Validated RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Gatifloxacin and Dexamethasone in Ophthalmic Formulation. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2020; 5:504-510.

Mostafa, M.M., Abd El-Wahab, Z.H., Salman, A.A., & Abdelbaset, W.M. The use of complex formation manner for spectrophotometric analysis of gatifloxacin drug based on Co(II), Ni(II) and La(III) ions. Heliyon 2021; 7:1-9.

Teixeira, M.W.S., Dias, C.V.B., & Kogawa, A.C. Status of physicochemical and microbiological analytical methods of gatifloxacin: a review. J. AOAC Int. 2022; 105(6):1548-1554.

Brazilian Pharmacopeia (2019) 6th Ed., ANVISA, Brasília.

European Pharmacopeia (2019) Council of Europe: Strasbourg.

United States Pharmacopeia (2020) United States Convention Inc., Rockville MD.

British Pharmacopeia (2021) The Stationery Office on Behalf of MHRA: United kingdom.

Van Aken, K., Strekowski, L., & Patiny, L. EcoScale, a semi-quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006; 2(3):1-7.

Gałuszka, A., Migaszewski, Z.M., Konieczka, P., & Namieśnik, J. Analytical Eco-Scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures TrAC 2012; 37:61- 72.

Kogawa, A.C., & Salgado, H.R.N. Analytical Methods Need Optimization to Get Innovative and Continuous Processes for Future Pharmaceuticals. Sch. Acad. J. Pharm. 2016; 5:240-244.

Alessio, P.V., Kogawa, A.C., & Salgado, H.R.N. Quality of ceftriaxone sodium in lyophilized powder for injection evaluated by clean, fast, and efficient spectrophotometric method. J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2017; 2017:1-4.

Kogawa, A.C., & Salgado, H.R.N. Analytical Methods: Where do we stand in the current environmental scenario? EC Microbiol. 2017; 13:102-104.

Correa, C.B.M., Kogawa, A.C., Chorilli, M., & Salgado, H.R.N. Eco-friendly and miniaturized analytical method for quantification of rifaximin in tablets. Drug Anal. Res. 2019; 3(2):23-29.

Marco, B.A., Kogawa, A.C., & Salgado, H.R.N. New, green and miniaturized analytical method for determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in capsules. Drug Anal. Res. 2019; 3:23-28.

Souza, M.J.M., Kogawa, A.C., Salgado, H.R.N. New and miniaturized method for analysis of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. 2019; 209:1-7.

Mohamed, D., & Fouad, M.M. Application of NEMI, Analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI tools for greenness assessment of three developed chromatographic methods for quantification of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in bovine meat and chicken muscles: Comparison to greenness profile of reported HPLC methods. Microchem. J. 2020; 157:104873-104886.

Nowak, P.M., Wietecha-Posłuszny, R., & Pawliszyn, J. White analytical chemistry: an approach to reconcile the principles of green analytical chemistry and functionality. TrAC 2021; 138:116223.

Nascimento, P.A., Kogawa, A.C., & Salgado, H.R.N. new and ecological miniaturized method by spectrophotometry for quantification of vancomycin in dosage form. Drug Anal. Res. 2021; 5(1):39-45.

Silva, T.L.A., Lustosa, I.A., Torres, I.M.S., & Kogawa, A.C. Eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric method for evaluation of marbofloxacino in tablets – Stability study. J. AOAC Int. 2022; 105(4):1017-1022.

Kogawa, A.C., Salgado, H.R.N. Impurities and forced degradation studies: a review. Curr. Pharm. Anal. 2015; 12: 18-24.

Lustosa, I.A., Gil, E.S., & Kogawa, A.C. Analytical aspects for evaluation of pharmaceutical products: a mini-review. Curr. Pharm. Anal. 2022; 18(10):909- 918.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Gaithesburg, AOAC, 2002.

International Conference on Harmonization. Requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1). Switzerland, ICH Steering Committee, 2005.

Sversut, R.A., Alcântara, I.C., Rosa, A.M., Baroni, A.C.M., Rodrigues, P.O., Singh, A.K., Amaral, M.S., & Kassab, N.M. Simultaneous determination of gatifloxacin and prednisolone acetate in ophthalmic formulation using first-order UV derivative spectroscopy. Arab. J. Chem. 2017; 10(5):604-610.

Aljuffali, I.A., Kalam, M.A., Sultana, Y., Imran, A., & Alshamsan, A. Development and validation of stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography method to analyze gatifloxacin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical preparations. Saudi Pharm J. 2015; 23(1):85-94.

Horwitz, W., Kamps, L.R., & Boyer, K.W. (1980) J. AOAC Int. 63, 1344-1354.

Raynie, D., & Driver, J.L. (2009) Green assessment of chemical methods, 13th. Ed.; Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference: Washington, DC, USA.

Downloads

Published

15-01-2024 — Updated on 26-03-2026

Versions

How to Cite

Teixeira, M. W. S., Gil, E. de S., & Kogawa, A. C. (2026). Green method for quantification of gatifloxacin in eye drops using UV by eco-scale assessment. Drug Analytical Research, 7(2), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.134965 (Original work published January 15, 2024)

Issue

Section

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.