The Gender Issue in the African Union Peace and Security Council
African contributions, challenges and opportunities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.140761Keywords:
Gender initiatives, Security, Peace and Security CouncilAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the initiatives related to the Women, Peace and Security Agenda of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union since 2000, when United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 was launched. It seeks to answer the following question: to what extent has the PSC contributed to the implementation of the UNSC's “Women, Peace and Security” Agenda on the African continent? It considers the hypothesis that the PSC works on this issue based on four pillars from a holistic and integrated perspective, even if it has not achieved the full realisation of these measures. The research methodology consists of document analysis and is based on a qualitative approach, supported by a literature review. The main documents analysed were resolutions, meeting minutes, official PSC reports, and the Continental Framework Results indicators. The main results were that the PSC's conception of gender actions, despite following a “UN” model, is broader and more integrated. Although the Women, Peace and Security Agenda has been introduced at the normative level, there are still a series of implementation challenges.
Downloads
References
ADEBAJO, Adekeye. The curse of Berlin: Africa after the Cold War. New York: Oxford University, 2013.
AMANI AFRICA. 10 Years review of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda of the AU Peace and Security Council. Special Report n. 8. 2020. Available at: https://amaniafrica-et.org/10-years-review-of-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-of-the-au-peace-and-security-council/ Acessed on: 10 set. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). African Union Master Roadmap of Practical Steps to Silence the Guns by Year 2020. 2016. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/37996-doc-au_roadmap_silencing_guns_2020.pdf.en_.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). African Peace and Security Architecture Roadmap (2016-2020). Addis Ababa: 2015a. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/38310-doc-9_2015-en-apsa-roadmap-final.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Addis Ababa: 2015b. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36204-doc-agenda2063_popular_version_po.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Constitutive Act of the African Union. Addis Ababa: 2000. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7758-treaty-0021_-_CONSTITUTIVE_ACT_OF_THE_AFRICAN_UNION_P.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Continental Results Framework: Monitoring and Reporting on the Implementation of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Africa (2018-2028). Addis Ababa: 2019a. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/35958-doc-continental_result_framework_on_wps_agenda_in_africa.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Peace and Security Council. 223ª Meeting (2010). 30 March 2010. Addis Ababa: 2010. Available at: https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/final-communiquy-cps-women-children-eng-30-march-2010.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Peace and Security Council. 342ª Meeting (2012). 21 November 2012. Addis Ababa: 2012. Available at: https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/psc-comm-342-21-11-2012-2-.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Peace and Security Council. 364ª Meeting (2013). 26 March 2013. Addis Ababa: 2013. Available at: https://ww.peaceau.org/uploads/psc-364thpsc-meeting-press-statement.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Peace and Security Council. 803ª Meeting (2018). 19 October 2018. Addis Ababa: 2018. Available at: https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/handle/123456789/382 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Protocolo sobre o Estabelecimento do Conselho de Paz e Segurança da União Africana. Addis Ababa: 2004. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37293-treaty-0024_-_protocol_relating_to_the_establishment_of_the_peace_and_security_council_of_the_african_union_p.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. Addis Ababa: 2003. Available at: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-rights-women-africa Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Report on the Implementation of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Africa. Addis Ababa: 2019b. Available at: https://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/6817 Acessed on: 10 set. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Report on the Implementation of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Africa. Addis Ababa: 2020. Available at: https://au.int/en/documents/20230203/report-implementation-women-peace-security-agenda-africa-2020 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). FemWise-Africa Advanced Training on Mediation for the Great Lakes Region. Concept note: 2021. Available at: https://ungreatlakes.unmissions.org/sites/. Acessed on: 14 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Ministerial High-Level Seminar of the Peace and Security Council Commemorating 20 Years of the PSC by Taking Stock of Women’s Participation and Leadership in Peace Processes in Africa. Addis Ababa: 2024. Available at: https://papsrepository.africa-union.org/handle/123456789/2049 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
AFRICAN UNION (AU). Strengthening African Women’s Participation in Conflict Prevention, Mediation Processes and Peace Stabilisation Efforts: Operationalisation of “FemWise-Africa”. 2015. Available at: https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/final-concept-. Acessed on: 14 jun. 2024.
AFROBAROMETER. Combating gender-based violence tops Africa’s agenda for women’s rights. Afrobarometer Dispatch n. 736. 2023. Available at: https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/AD736-PAP4-Combating-gender-based-violence-tops-Africas-agenda-for-womens-rights-Afrobarometer-18nov23.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
APUULI, Kasaija Phillip. The AU’s Peace and Security Architecture: The African Standby Force. In: KARBO, Tony; MURITHI, Charles (Eds.). The African Union: Autocracy, Diplomacy and Peacebuilding in Africa. London/New York: I.B. Tauris, 2018, p. 149-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350988422.ch-007
BARKAWI, Tarak; LAFFEY, Mark. The postcolonial moment in security studies. Review of International Studies, v. 32, p. 329-352, 2006. Available at: doi:10.1017/S0260210506007054 Acessed on: 12 set. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210506007054
BOKERIYA, Svetlana; KIAMBA, Anita. The UN-African Union Partnership on the Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Frameworks, Policies and Strategies. Vestnik RUDN International Relations, v. 23, n. 2, p. 307-321, 2023. Available at: https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/35175/22248 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-2-307-321
CILLIERS, Jakkie. Human security in Africa: A conceptual framework for review. African Human Security Initiative, 2004. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/124027/2004_06_01_Monograph.pdf Acessed on: 10 set. 2024.
CLAPHAM, Christopher. Africa and the international system: The politics of state survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549823
CLARKE, Yaliwe. Gender and Peacebuilding in Africa. Seeking Conceptual Clarity. Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 87-91, 2013. Available at: https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23488/1/African%20peace%20and%20conflict%20journal_Vol_6.1_June%202013_Final.pdf Acessed on: 26 set. 2024.
DRUMOND, Paula. Conflict-related Sexual Violence. In: STEANS, Jill; TEPE-BELFRAGE, Daniela (Eds). Handbook on Gender in World Politics. 1st ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2019, p. 206-215.
ENLOE, Cynthia. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. 2nd ed. London: University of California Press, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520957282
ENGEL, Ulf; PORTO, João Gomes. The African Peace and Security Architecture: An Evolving Security Regime? In: ENGEL, Ulf; PORTO, João Gomes (Eds.). Africa’s New Peace and Security Architecture: Promoting Norms, Institutionalizing Solutions. London/New York: Routledge, 2016, p. 198-220.
GIANNINI, Renata Avelar et al. A agenda sobre mulheres, paz e segurança no contexto latino-americano: desafios e oportunidades. Instituto Igarapé, Artigo Estratégico n. 32, 2018. Available at: https://igarape.org.br/. Acessed on: 10 set. 2024.
GILL, Andréa; PIRES, Thula. From Binary to Intersectional to Imbricated Approaches: Gender in a Decolonial and Diasporic Perspective. Contexto Internacional, Porto Alegre, v. 41, n. 2, p. 275-302, 2019. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2019410200003. Acesso em 05 jun. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2019410200003
HENDRICKS, Cheryl. Progress and Challenges in Implementing the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in the African Union’s Peace and Security Architecture. African Development, v. XLII, n. 3, p. 73-98, 2017. Available at: https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v42i3.756 Acessed on: 26 set. 2024.
HUDSON, Heidi. Decolonizing the mainstreaming of gender in peacebuilding: toward an agenda for Africa. Social Science Research Council: African Peacebuilding Network n. 8, 2016. Available at: https://www.ssrc.org/publications/decolonizing-the-mainstreaming-of-gender-in-peacebuilding-toward-an-agenda-for-africa/ Acessed on: 10 set. 2024.
KAGAME, Paul. The Imperative to Strengthen Our Union: Report on the Proposed Recommendations for the Institutional Reform of the African Union. 2017. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33273-doc-report-_institutional_reform_of_the_au.pdf Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
KAWEESI, Edward Silvestre. The paradox of critical security and the African solutions to African problems. European Journal of International Security, v. 8, n. 4, p. 450-470, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2023.20 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2023.20
KENKEL, Kai Michael. Cinco gerações de operações de paz: de “tênue linha azul” a “pintar um país de azul”. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Brasília, v. 56, n. 1, p. 122-143, 2013. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292013000100007. 2013. Acesso em 11 mar. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292013000100007
KUMALO, Liezelle. Empowerment delayed: Trends in women, peace and security in Africa. TfP Policy Brief, 2022. Available at: https://trainingforpeace.org/publications/empowerment-delayed-trends-in-women-peace-and-security-in-africa/ Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
LEWIS, Desiree. The multiple dimensions of human security through the lens of African feminist intellectual activism. Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 15-28, 2013. Available at: https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23488/1/African%20peace%20and%20conflict%20journal_Vol_6.1_June%202013_Final.pdf Acessed on: 26 set. 2024.
NWOHA-KEZIE, Helen. Feminist Peace and Security in Africa. Oxfam International, 2020. Available at: https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/feminist-peace-and-security-in-africa-621054/ Acessed on: 05 jun. 2020.
OLAITAN, Zainab Monisola. The Representation of Women in African-led Peace Support Operations. Journal of International Peacekeeping, v. 26, p. 394-411, 2023. Available at: doi: 10.1163/18754112-26040007 Acessed on: 10 set. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18754112-26040007
OLONISAKIN, Funmi; HENDRICKS, Cheryl. Engaging (In)security as an entry point for seeking redress in gender inequality in Africa. Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2013. Available at: https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23488/1/African%20peace%20and%20conflict%20journal_Vol_6.1_June%202013_Final.pdf Acessed on: 26 set. 2024.
ONYIDO, Onyinyechukwu. Reconceptualizing Women’s Role in Peacebuilding. Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 74-86, 2013. Available at: https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23488/1/African%20peace%20and%20conflict%20journal_Vol_6.1_June%202013_Final.pdf Acessed on: 26 set. 2024.
PARASHAR, Swati. Feminism and Postcolonialism: (En)gendering Encounters. Post Colonial Studies, v. 19, n. 4, 371–377, 2017. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2016.1317388. Acesso em 20 jun. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2016.1317388
PARASHAR, Shirin. The WPS Agenda. In: SARA, Davies; TRUE, Jacqui (Eds). Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 828–839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638276.013.46
PEACE WOMEN. National Action Plans by Region. 2024. Available at: https://1325naps.peacewomen.org/index.php/nap-overview/ Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
UN. African women on the frontline of peacekeeping. 2023. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144412 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024.
UN. Security Council. Resolution 1325 (2000): Adopted by the Security Council at its 4213th meeting, on 31 October 2000. New York: 2000a. Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/node/105. Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024
UN. Security Council. Resolution 1261 (1999): Adopted by the Security Council at its 4037th meeting, on 25 August 1999. New York: 1999. Available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/. Acessed on: 06 jun. 2024.
UN. Security Council. Resolution 1265 (1999): Adopted by the Security Council at its 4046th meeting, on 17 September 1999. New York: 1999. Available at: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/. Acessed on: 06 jun. 2024.
UN. United Nations Peacekeeping. Gender. 2004. Available at: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/gender. Acesso em 1 abr. 2024.
UN. Promoting Women, Peace and Security. 2024. Available at: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/promoting-women-peace-and-security. Acessed on: 20 jun. 2023.
UN. Windhoek Declaration (2000). On the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations Transitional Assistance Group. Windhoek, 2000b.
TICKNER, Ann. J. Gendering World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1st ed. 2001.
TIEKU, Thomas Kwasi. African Union promotion of human security in Africa. African Security Review, v. 16, n. 2, p. 26-37, 2007. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2007.9627414 Acessed on: 26 set. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2007.9627414
TIEKU, Thomas Kwasi. Punching above Weight: How the African Union Commission Exercises Agency in Politics. Africa Spectrum, v. 56, n. 3, p. 254-273, 2021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039721990394 Acessed on: 26 set. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039721990394
TREJO, Marisa Ruiz; DE GIORGI, Ana Laura. Feminist theories from the Global South: Latin American and decolonial approaches. In: INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION CONGRESS, 2019. Anais. Toronto, Nov. 2019.
WILLIAMS, Paul D.; BOUTELLIS, Arthur. Partnership Peacekeeping: Challenges and Opportunities in the United Nations-African Union Relationship. African Affairs, v. 113, n. 451, p. 254-278, 2014. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adu021 Acessed on: 05 jun. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adu021
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Raquel, Luis Haroldo Pereira Santos

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which allows its use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, as well as its transformation and creations from it, as long as the original author and source are credited. Also, the material cannot be used for commercial purposes, and if it is transformed, or used as a basis for other creations, these must be distributed under the same license as the original.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are allowed to deposit, in the repositories accepted by Conjuntura Austral, the preprint version of the manuscripts submitted to the journal prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
d. Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish and distribute online (in institutional and /or thematic repositories, on their personal pages, etc.) the postprint version of the manuscripts (accepted and published), without an embargo period.
e. Conjuntura Austral: Journal of the Global South, imbued with the spirit of ensuring the protection of regional academic and scientific production in Open Access, is a signatory to the Mexico Declaration on the use of the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license to guarantee the protection of academic and scientific production in open access.
Accepted 2024-10-03
Published 2024-10-20


