PEACE IN PIECES: THE POLITICS AND PITFALLS OF PEACEMAKING IN SOUTH SUDAN

Abstract

This paper investigates the politics and difficulties of peacemaking in South Sudan, analysing why it remains elusive despite commitments under the R-ARCSS. The key questions examined are: (i) why have the peace agreements signed so far failed; (ii) what underlying socio-political and economic factors contribute to these failures; and (iii) what roles have regional and international actors played in promoting or hindering the realisation of sustainable peace. Moreover, it asks how locally rooted initiatives can support peace efforts. Methodologically, the paper adopts an interpretive and exploratory approach focused on analysing the politics and challenges of peacemaking in South Sudan. Additionally, it employs a critical political economy perspective to deepen understanding of peacemaking and peacebuilding within the country. By applying this approach, it is argued that peace agreements are not neutral tools but are often shaped by the interests and goals of political elites. In this regard, the paper challenges state-centric and elite-focused paradigms of peace. It is further argued that the peace process has been dominated by elites and driven by transactions rather than addressing the root causes of the conflict. As a result, conflicts are more often postponed than resolved — a phenomenon described as the “revolving-door” syndrome. It is also argued that conflict resolution should seek to understand the complex relationship between peace and power, be people-centred, and tackle crucial issues related to political transformation, justice, and legitimacy. It is concluded that a national dialogue is essential to expand participation and reshape the political space, fostering a culture of peace and inclusive governance. Without such an approach, peace will remain out of reach, and the promise of independence will remain unfulfilled.