A experiência miliciana norte-americana: antimilitarismo ou pragmatismo?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/1983-201X.53175Palavras-chave:
Milícias, Estados Unidos, Anti-militarismo, Cidadania, Governo localResumo
Este artigo discute a experiência miliciana nas colônias inglesas da América do Norte e nos Estados Unidos durante a primeira república. Enfatizo o papel do antimilitarismo como principal aspecto da experiência militar anglo-americana. Relaciono essa perspectiva à aversão ao despotismo, derivada da tradição política inglesa e ao controle civil sobre os militares. Sublinho as dificuldades encontradas para a criação de um exército profissional e os problemas de coordenação entre o poder central e as autoridades locais e estaduais.
Downloads
Referências
ABER, Edward e Bradley A.G. (org.). Travels and Works of Captain John Smith. Vol. II. Edinburgo: J. Grant, 1910.
ANDERSON, Fred. A People’s Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Year’s War. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
BAILYN, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967. Reprint, 1992.
BAILYN, Bernard. The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. Nova Iorque: Vintage Books, 1986.
BAILYN, Bernard. Barbarous years: the peopling of British North America: the Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675. Nova Iorque: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012.
BASET, John Spencer (Org.), Correspondence of Andrew Jackson. Washington: DC, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926.
BERLIN, Ira et all. “The Black Military Experience, “ in Slaves no More. Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War. Nova Iorque: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
BLANCHARD, Peter. “The Language of Liberation: Slave Voices in the Wars of Independence”. Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 8, No. 23, 2002, p. 499-523.
CARP, Wane. “Early American Military History: A review of Recent Work’. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1986, p. 259-284.
CHAMBERS II, John Whiteclay. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America. Nova Iorque: Free Press, 1987.
COFFMAN, Edward M. The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1794-1798. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 1986.
COOPER, James Fenimore. O Último dos Moicanos. Trad. Vera Lúcia Rodrigues. São Paulo: Germinal Editora, 2009.
COUNTRYMAN, Edward. The American Revolution. Nova Iorque: Hill and Wang, 1985.
CRAMER, Clayton E. Armed America: The Remarkable Story of How and Why Guns Became as American as Apple Pie. Nashville: Nelson Current, 2009.
ERTMAN, Thomas. Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge/MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
EUSTACE, Nicole. 1812: War and the Passions of Patriotism. Filadélfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
GILBERT, Alan. Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2012.
HIGGINBOTHAM, Don. “The Early American Way of War: Recognizance and Appraisal”. The William and Mary Quaterly, 3rd. Ser., Vol. 44, no. 2, 1987, p. 200-273.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel. The Soldier and the State: The Theory of Civil-Military Relations. Nova Iorque: Vintage Books, 1957.
KRAAY, Hendrik. “Arming Slaves in Brazil from the Seventeenth Century to the Nineteenth Century”. In BROWN, Chrostopher Leslie and MORGAN, Philip D. Arming Slaves: from classical times to the modern age. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, p. 146-179.
LASSO, Marixa. “Race War and Nation in Caribbean Gran Colombia, Cartagena, 1810-1832”. The American Historical Review, Volume 111, no. 2, 1986, p. 336-361
LAVER, Harry S. “Rethinking the Social Role of the Militia: Community-Building in Antebellum Kentucky”. The Journal of Southern History, Vol. LXVIII, No. 4, 2002, p. 777-816.
LEACH, Douglas Edward. Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677-1773. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
LINCOLN, Charles H. (org.). Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675-1699. Nova Iorque: Scribner’s Sons, 1913.
MAHON, John K. The War of 1812. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1972.
MAHON, John K. History of the Militia and the National Guard. Nova Iorque: Macmillan, 1983.
McCARDELL, Lee. Il-Starred General: Braddock of the Coldstream Guards. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press, 1958.
McKITRICK, Eric L. “Party politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts”. In CHAMBERS, William Nisbet and BURNHAM, Walter Dean (orgs.), The American Party System: Stages of Political Development. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 1975.
PETERSON, Merril D. (Org.), Democracy, Liberty and Propriety: The State Constitutional Conventions of the 1820’s. Indianápolis: Bobbs-Merril Co, 1966.
POCOCK, J.G.A. The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic republican tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
RESCH, John and SARGENT, Walter. Changing meanings of the American Revolution. Mobilization and Home Fronts. DeKalb: Illinois University Press, 2007.
ROHRBOUGH, Malcolm J. The Tran-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 1978.
ROWE, Mary Ellen. Bulwark of the Republic: The American Militia in the Antebellum West. Westport/CT: Praeger, 2003.
SELESKY, Harold E. War and Society in Colonial Connecticut. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
SHEA, William L. The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.
SHY, John. “The American Military Experience: History and Learning”. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol 1, no. 2, (Winter, 1971), p. 205-228.
SHY, John. “Looking Backward, Looking Forward”. In RESH, John and SARGENT, Walter (Orgs.).War & Society in the American Revolution: Mobilization and Home Fronts. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007.
SKELTON, William B. “Officers and Politicians: The Origins of Army Politics in the United States before the Civil War”. Armed Foces & Society, Vol. 6, no. 1, 1979, p. 22-48.
SKOWRONEK, Stephen. Building a New American State: the expansion of national administrative capacities, 1877-1920. 1984, reprint, Nova Iorque: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
SYRRET, David. “American Colonial Governments and the Raising of Provincial Troops during the Seven years War” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol. 18, no. 326, 2003, p. 96-113.
TAYLOR, Alan. Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772-1832. Nova Iorque: W.W. Norton, 2013.
TILLY, Charles. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. 1990, reprint, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992
TOCQUEVILLE, Alex de. Democracy in America. 1848, reprint, Nova Iorque: Anchor Books, 1969.
VISION III, Ben. Bearing Arms for His Majesty: The Free Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico. Stanford: Stanford University Press
WOOD, Gordon. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969.
YAZAWA, Melvin. “Citizenship” in GREENE, Jack P. (Org.), Encyclopedia of American Political History: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas. 3 vols. Nova Iorque: Scribnner, 1984, vol. I, p. 109-209.