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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">soc</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Sociologias</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Sociologias</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1517-4522</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1807-0337</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia - UFRGS</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/15174522-99066</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Dossiê</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Internationalization of higher education: excellence or network building? What do BRICS countries need most? <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1996-9896</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Khomyakov</surname>
						<given-names>Maxim</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8366-136X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dwyer</surname>
						<given-names>Tom</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">**</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1450-2004</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Weller</surname>
						<given-names>Wivian</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">***</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="original">* Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg &amp; Urals Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg &amp; Urals Federal University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Yekaterinburg</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="RU">Russia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">** University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Campinas (Unicamp)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>São Paulo</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="original">*** University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Brasília (UnB)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="equal" id="fn34">
					<p>Maxim Khomyakov is Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Affairs of the HSE University and Deputy Director of the HSE campus in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ( mhomyakov@hse.ru Tom Dwyer is Professor at the Department of Sociology of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil, he holds a CNPq research productivity scholarship. ( tom@unicamp.br Wivian Weller is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Education at the University of Brasilia (UnB), Brazil, she holds a CNPq research productivity scholarship. (wivian@unb.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>15</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>22</volume>
			<issue>54</issue>
			<fpage>120</fpage>
			<lpage>143</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The article is devoted to discussing international collaboration regarding higher education in the BRICS countries. It starts with the analysis of the radical changes occurred in the global academic world, described as a joint influence of global trends towards massification, globalization and internationalization. We argue that BRICS countries can meet these challenges by means of two main approaches: through building excellence university projects and via developing horizontally structured university networks, such as the BRICS Network University. The goals of the first are creating elite universities and better integration to the global academia, while the second addresses most pressing development issues faced by BRICS’ societies. The conclusion is that while excellence projects do help to develop world-class education, the networks better answer current needs of the BRICS countries.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>higher education</kwd>
				<kwd>neo-liberal transformation of education</kwd>
				<kwd>internationalization of higher education</kwd>
				<kwd>BRICS Network University</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
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				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="24"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction: towards the development of a transnational educational capitalism</title>
			<p>There is a striking resemblance between most of recent discussions on the higher education revolution we all are experiencing today. We refer here to four main processes that constitute radical changes in the academic environment today: massification, commercialization, globalization and internationalization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ALTBACH; REISBERG; RUMBLEY, 2009</xref>). These four processes, however, are only aspects of a single global transformation, of a general trend. They are strongly interconnected and intertwined. Internationalized universities, for example, are also naturally commercialized simply because it is very difficult to convince national taxpayers to support international students. On the other hand, a growing middle class in several countries in the Global South seeks access to higher education abroad, thus contributing to the internationalization and massification of universities in the Global North. The four trends are in constant feedback loop, jointly contributing to the process of radical transformation.</p>
			<p>This transformation is neoliberal in its essence, as it results in treating higher education not as an important public good, but as a product for sale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">HAZELKORN, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">RHOADS; LI; ILANO, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">DILL; SOO, 2005</xref>), and this has been intensified by the increasing importance given to academic rankings. The logic of the public good has been replaced with that of commercial brands, and the Humboldtian notion of individual development gave way to educational services provided by universities. The result is a phenomenon of “educational capitalism”, which threatens to wipe out non-commercial values. As commercial enterprises, universities stop performing some of their most important social functions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">SANDEL, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Internationalization is certainly one of the most prominent aspects of this global transformation. The explosive growth of young populations in countries like Nigeria, India, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, Angola, and Nepal makes them potentially very attractive markets for recruiting foreign students. The scarcity of higher education institutions, combined with the gradual growth of the middle class, leads an increasing number of young people from these countries to seek paid education abroad. The academic neoliberal revolution further reinforces the gap between the Global South, considered a provider of students, and the Global North, the main destination for them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">WAGNER, 2017</xref>). The resulting commercialization of universities is blurring the boundaries between public and private education. Thus, for example, in many public universities in the United States of America, only a fifth of the budget comes from public sources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ALTBACH; REISBERG; RUMBLEY, 2009</xref>). This fact makes us wonder in what sense education in some developed countries can still be called “public”.</p>
			<p>In this understanding, internationalization and “academic radicalization” not only carry along openness and inclusion, either supposed or real, but also give rise to the consolidation of the global education market, the fierce competition between universities and national education systems, the replacement of nationally oriented approaches with transnational commercial education as well as the gradual disappearance of the notion of education as a public good. Consequently, universities’ struggles for material and human resources are intensified both nationally and internationally. Thus, internationalization and globalization come along with the fundamental processes in the formation of the global educational capitalist system.</p>
			<p>Most universities in the countries of the Global South end up losing this competition, regardless of how active and engaged they are in the race. Those which do not partake lose from the start; those that participate find it impossible to compete with established centers of academic power and eventually also lose. Competition for reputation leads to the so-called <italic>Matthew Effect</italic>, in which the established reputation is not contested, but simply reinforced. Pusser and Marginson describe the project of worldwide academic rankings as “neo-imperial” and argue that “because the norms of ranking systems are mostly consistent with the world’s strongest higher education institutions located in the United States, this disciplinary effect is especially invidious in nation-states outside the United States” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">PUSSER; MARGINSON, 2013</xref>, p. 558). Undoubtedly, with the arrival of innovations, such as massive open online courses (MOOCs), in which millions of students take online courses at the best world-class universities, this gap between North and South becomes even wider (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">ZEMBYLAS; VRASIDAS, 2005</xref>). </p>
			<p>The growing gap between the Global North and Global South leads universities in emerging countries to look for an effective strategy to overcome the most deleterious differences. Presently, we would like to discuss here two of these strategies: the first is some universities’ endeavor to claim their own share of the global education market through active participation in the global race for excellence, while the second is more of an attempt to build an alternative vision. The first strategy was implemented in several projects of excellence in different countries, while the second focuses on horizontal network projects. While the first strategy aims for the creation of world-class elite universities, the other deals with specific problems in societies of the Global South. The first one is in full agreement with the current neo-liberal transformation of global education, whereas the second one is an attempt to find an alternative to the standards promoted by transnational educational capitalism. In the next section, we shall briefly analyze the impact of each of these strategies on the national education systems of the BRICS countries<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Projects for excellence: paving the way for transnational education</title>
			<p>The impact of the new model of transnational higher education on national systems is particularly intense in countries struggling for better representation in the global education market. This struggle, intensified by the obsession with academic rankings, can sometimes lead to the compromising of national goals and local traditions in higher education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">KHOMYAKOV, 2016</xref>). Those who decide to actively participate in the global academic race must be ready to invest heavily in some elite institutions. On the one hand, “a world-class university is a $1-1.5 b-a-year operation” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">HAZELKORN, 2007</xref>, p. 1); on the other hand, building a new reputation is much more expensive than maintaining an already existing one. The most prestigious universities in the World are generally the oldest, this places countries with a recent academic tradition, when viewed by itself, at a disadvantage and also demands that they make significant investments in research infrastructure and in human capital, in other words, in the recruitment of internationally renowned teaching and research staff. In the BRICS countries China has spent close to USD 6 billion in programs dedicated to creating world-class universities (WCUs) since 1999, among which are the 985 Project and the Double First Class University Plan, there has been strong emphasis in reinforcing the qualifications of academic staff through having them spend long periods overseas (above all in English speaking countries), incentives for publishing in international journals, recruitment of foreign teaching and research staff for their universities and the foundation of international master’s and doctoral programs that are taught in the English language<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Between 2012 and 2017, Russia invested approximately USD 878.5 million in their 5-100 Project, designed to increase the international competitiveness of the top 21 higher education institutions in the country<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Some results of these investments in the BRICS countries have already been recognized. Research coordinated by Professor Martin Carnoy, of Stanford University, highlights that China and Russia, and to a lesser extent Brazil and India, are increasingly positioning themselves as true competitors with respect to both the quantity and the quality of the students who are trained in sciences and engineering (CARNOY <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016). In spite of the investments made in courses of excellence, above all in China and Russia, the performance of the universities from the BRICS countries in the world academic rankings is still not impressive. Even China, with its high investments, had only 7 universities in the top 200 in 2019, according to the latest ranking by <italic>Times Higher Education</italic> (THE), and 8 universities in the top 200, according to <italic>QS World University Rankings</italic>, published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), from the UK. Russia has one university in both rankings; South Africa has two institutions in THE top 200 ranking and one in QS top 200 ranking; India and Brazil are not represented in THE top 200 ranking and have two universities each featured in QS top 200 ranking. On the other hand, incredibly, the United Kingdom is represented with 32 universities among THE top 200 ranking, and with 30 institutions in QS top 200. This contrasting world ranking clearly illustrates the gap that countries in emerging economies are now so desperately trying to fill through their excellence projects<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>The main objective of initiatives for excellence is to achieve better integration into the global academic domain, to the detriment of concentrating on more pressing national issues that end up being set aside. In the case of Russia, the 5-100 project is openly oriented towards improving the performance of its universities on the global stage. It initially established a totally unrealistic goal for the educational system of bringing at least five universities into the top 100 in the world ranking of universities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">KHOMYAKOV, 2016</xref>). In some cases, the objectives may be expressed in a more subtle way, but they all invariably lead to the same goal: the promotion of transnational technological education, which has become a new educational norm in late modernity. In fact, internationalization has become one of the most important goals in the development of higher education.</p>
			<p>The most important thing here is that the universities involved in the search for a better integration into “world academia” are forced to undergo transformations in order to meet external standards. Thus, the impact of the ranking system on the configuration of an institution does not affect the “institutions at the top of the global ranking tables that can determine their own identities” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AMSLER; BOLSMANN, 2012</xref>, p. 287). In some emerging countries, elite national institutions have been “partly displaced” by the world’s leading universities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">MARGINSON, 2007</xref>, p. 11). The result of reacting to the ranking system can be truly disastrous for countries that strive for a better placement of their higher education systems in major ranking scores.</p>
			<p>Another obvious feature of excellence programs is their orientation to create elite schools typical of world class universities, with different missions and purposes. Elite schools, while recruiting the best students from the best high schools, obtain additional funding. This government funding of certain elite schools contributes to further increase fundamental educational inequalities in these societies, since most students who graduate from the best high schools belong to the upper middle class, government subsidies for excellence initiatives indirectly favor the better-off sectors of society. Excellence programs, therefore, indirectly reinforce social inequality and injustice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">TOMLINSON, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">LIU, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Evidently, excellence projects also have positive features. They make universities care about their international reputations, set high international standards and integrate research and education into world academia. Such projects encourage researchers to publish in specialized journals and motivate educators to create educational programs capable of attracting good international students. Rankings become an interesting benchmarking tool and provide university administrators with useful metrics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">HAZELKORN, 2014</xref>). Without a doubt, “rankings are here to stay. Even if academics are aware that the results of rankings are biased … they also recognize that as impressive position in the rankings can be a key factor in securing additional resources…” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">RAUHVARGERS, 2013</xref>, p. 25).</p>
			<p>However, the pursuit of a better integration into the so called “world academy” cannot lead to neglect of the most pressing problems in the country itself and neither to compromising the school’s original mission. A unique model, based on the standards of World Class Universities situated in the developed countries, is not necessarily better and, the majority of the time, does not take into account local specificities. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable balance between the orientation towards international standards and national or regional commitment of the higher education institution.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>BRICS Network University: addressing common problems</title>
			<p>One possible response to the imbalances resulting from this obsession with global rankings is given by academic networks of universities with similar position and <italic>status</italic>, which share general approaches based on similar problems within their societies. This helps to understand why horizontally organized South-South cooperation is even more important than the traditional vertically established collaboration between the “developed” North and the “emerging” South.</p>
			<p>The BRICS, the acronym BRIC was initially invented by Jim O’Neill in 2001, and later with South Africa’s 2011 entry into the grouping, became BRICS. It was initially conceived as an economic grouping and its action was restricted to the world of finances (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">STUENKEL, 2015</xref>). Over the years BRICS has been building itself, above all, as a political grouping, which, in spite of the changes in governments in the respective countries over recent years and the serious economic problems that have occurred above all in Russia, Brazil and South Africa, continue to dialogue in different spheres. Its leaders meet systematically, among other occasions, during the annual summit of the BRICS leaders, which had its 11th edition in 2019 in Brasilia. The countries that form the grouping are characterized more by their differences than their similarities, but what make the group endure are some similarities and a philosophy for working together. With respect to their similarities, we highlight the fact that they are large developing countries, they play leading roles in their regions, they share common ideas about the architecture of international multilateral institutions built up after the Second World War, in other words, that these do not adequately consider the interests of developing countries. To this extent it was necessary to develop a new philosophy and new cooperative practices, which, to some extent, have concretized in the creation of the New Development Bank (NDB). “The intention was that relations of equality, mutual respect and confidence between the member countries permeate all the dimensions of the policies and operations.... Respect for national sovereignty would be of central importance” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">BATISTA, 2019</xref>, p. 265). Given that much of the Western press criticizes the BRICS, it continues to be active and is the fruit of an extraordinary work of political will of these countries. It is the first non-regional association of developing countries since the formation of the movement of non-aligned countries after the 1955 Bandung conference. Dominique Wolton, in the introduction of a special issue of the journal Hermès on “BRICS: an ignored area”, underlines that the grouping is “one of the most interesting terrains for studying cultural globalization, proof that politics is endless, and that the absence of legitimacy does not hinder inventivity. This improbable project continues to exist. It is the most original creation since the UN” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">WOLTON, 2017</xref>, p. 9). </p>
			<p>BRICS is a group focused on establishing a more pragmatic rather than a normative consensus. BRICS’ general objectives and immediate goals have always been pragmatic: overcoming the consequences of the global economic crisis, creating conditions for sustainable development, protecting national security, among other things (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">STUENKEL, 2015</xref>). For this reason, the creation of a common educational field was not considered, at least until this moment, as a task proper of BRICS institutions. As a result, there had not been much collaboration in research and education between BRICS countries. The number of co-publications among researchers from any peer group in the five countries does not exceed 3% of the total number of publications from a specific BRICS nation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">KHOMYAKOV, 2016</xref>). As far as academic mobility is concerned, only China has an intense exchange of international students. Double degree partnerships between universities from different BRICS countries are also extremely rare. Furthermore, educational systems, apart from China and Russia, are quite different between countries and can hardly be compared. It was in this context that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Altbach and Basset (2014</xref>, p. 2) claimed that the concept of the BRICS bloc “is actually of little relevance in understanding the complex higher education environment”.</p>
			<p>If the BRICS group is to develop and provide a truly alternative vision of “world-making”, then it will contribute by conveying - beyond pure pragmatism - a message to the world, as well as approaches guided by different values. The development of any value framework, however, requires common educational and research fields, as well as rich cultural interactions between the countries. For a higher education project of the BRICS to be taken seriously, it must include all these features, otherwise, it will soon be replaced by a more viable alternative.</p>
			<p>Having understood this, the foundation of the BRICS project is the idea of the ‘Emerging Global South’, with horizontally structured collaboration as one of its inherent constructs. This idea is, in turn, based on theories of plural modernity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">WAGNER, 2017</xref>) and it implies a new understanding of development<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. It implies the development of a non-zero-sum game based on principles of equality, autonomy and sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">FAN, 2016</xref>)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. In this understanding, BRICS countries are not in any way standing against the prevailing neoliberal world order, but rather trying to provide an alternative vision of development, devoid of the remnants of imperialism and colonialism<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>The origin of the BRICS Network University</title>
				<p>The strengthening of South-South relations has also been encouraged in the academic sphere of the BRICS countries. It is worthwhile underlining that the universities in the BRICS countries originated in a range of distinct academic traditions with forms of organization and functioning which are quite different when compared one with another. Moreover, the forces that govern them are linked to the political systems of each country (CARNOY <italic>et al</italic>. 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">SCHWARTZMAN <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). Despite the asymmetries originating in the different academic traditions of these institutions, of the positions they hold in the international rankings and their interests in the academic space, the BRICS have promoted the creation of cooperative academic networks. In this direction, the BRICS Network University represents one of the most well-developed projects up until the present time. Through being run in a network, it seeks to reduce the impacts of existing asymmetries between academic institutions, to permit the establishment of a cooperative relationship in which all partners can benefit from the sharing of knowledge in the areas relating to the strategic interests of the countries (win-win cooperation), without however, interfering in the sovereignty of the countries, in the structure of the institutions and in the functioning of their systems. </p>
				<p>The BRICS Network University, which has been given the acronym BRICS NU, was created through a Memorandum of Understanding, signed in Moscow by the Ministers of Education of the five countries on November 18<sup>th</sup>, 2015. The BRICS NU held its first meeting on April 2016, in Yekaterinburg, Russia, with the goal of forming a networked university that will offer, among other things, masters and doctorate programs in the six fields of knowledge listed as priorities in the aforementioned Memorandum: Energy; Computer Science and Information Security; BRICS studies; Ecology and Climate Change; Water Resources and Pollution Treatment; and Economy. The programs must be offered in English and propose distance learning activities, regular classes and intensive courses (e.g.: summer or winter schools).</p>
				<p>The BRICS NU marks the opening of a unique space for academic cooperation - quite unlike universities founded in other nations (e.g.: the European University Institute and the United Nations University) - due to not having a permanent central office, being considerably specialized and operating at an intercontinental scale. It does not have a permanent secretariat or university provost. The President is appointed annually by the country that presides the BRICS and all strategic decisions are taken collectively by the International Governing Board (IGB). The Council consists of 15 permanent members representing the universities and the Ministries of Education of the five countries. In accordance to the rules of the other BRICS bodies, all decisions are made by consensus and do not require a voting mechanism.</p>
				<p>The network currently comprises 55 universities from the five BRICS countries, which jointly implement masters and doctoral programs in the six priority fields: Economics, Water Resources, IT, Ecology, Energy and BRICS Studies. In addition to articles published on the websites of universities that are part of the BRICS NU, the main activities are recorded on the institution’s website<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. At the national level, activities are organized by National Coordination Committees composed of representatives from each university. Significant issues are discussed in the six international thematic groups, organized in accordance to the six priority fields. In this sense, the coordination system is quite complex and consists of national and international, formal and substantial, ministerial and universities-related bodies. The complexity of the system sometimes makes the decision-making process long and difficult. There is, however, a shared understanding that this system is the only way to comply with the principles of equality and autonomy (sovereignty) of the BRICS collaboration. In other words, every effort was made to guarantee the equality and autonomy (sovereignty) of the participants in what could eventually become a sustainable collaboration of the BRICS countries at the university level. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Building mutual understanding and the operation of BRICS NU: proximity and distance</title>
				<p>Establishing a network requires efforts beyond the organizational sphere, which concerns agreements and memoranda signed by the five countries. There is a need for understanding what each partner expects from the collaboration and what each country can offer so that the equality and autonomy of all partners is guaranteed in this South-South cooperative relationship. In this sense, the relationship between the partners and the building of mutual understanding have been developed during the annual BRICS NU meetings. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dwyer (2017</xref>), after a preparatory meeting that convened all the coordinators of the selected projects in Brazil, the Brazilian delegation traveled to Yekaterinburg for the first meeting of the BRICS NU in April 2016. For this meeting, South Africa sent an incomplete delegation, due to being informed late about the meeting, which was in part due to social movements in the country’s universities. The Russian delegation, on the other hand, was much larger than foreseen in the original agreement, which caused tensions with the governing board of the BRICS NU. The Russian delegates’ motivations were very different from those of the other delegates, the priority of many of them for BRICS NU was to promote international mobility of students towards their own universities, rather than cooperating in developing joint courses. Due to national factors related to the event’s organization and the participants’ distinct agendas, many members of the Brazilian delegation in Yekaterinburg left without a clear understanding of how the network would work. In short, there was an unbalanced representation and an entirely different understanding of the role and structure of the BRICS NU among the five countries.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dwyer (2017</xref>) also points out that during the second annual meeting, held in Zhengzhou, China, in July 2017, the Brazilian delegation was reduced due to the administrative and financial problems that the country was facing, and was not even accorded the status of an official delegation by the Brazilian Ministry of Education. On the other hand, the South African delegation was complete and very active. The Indian delegation, despite having changed members between meetings, was the only to represent its country fully in both meetings. As for the Chinese delegation, there was a clear division in the two meetings between members, some of whom supported a different initiative called BRICS Universities League<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10"><sup>10</sup></xref> and some who were committed to the BRICS NU project. The group favorable to the creation of the League wished to build a platform for international cooperation not directly linked to the Ministry of Education. The second group appeared to be composed of university professors who saw no problem in this connection to the Ministry of Education. This internal Chinese division impacted unevenly on the work of the six specialized groups.</p>
				<p>The following year, in 2018, the meeting took place in Cape Town, South Africa. At that meeting, it was announced that some Russian universities had already started offering regular or summer/winter courses, in order to speed up the processes and show engagement in concrete actions. The noticeable schisms in the Chinese delegation appeared to have been remedied. South Africa was fully engaged, and the BRICS NU meeting also included the participation of two of the country’s ministers. Brazil, once again, sent an incomplete delegation, but this time the Ministry of Education sent a representative. In addition, a commitment was made to organize the BRICS NU meeting during the Brazilian presidency of BRICS in 2019, as well as the annual meeting of the bloc leaders<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Tensions within some countries resulted in fragilities in the execution of cooperation projects. For the universities that participate in the network, the challenge of communicating with and understanding the Other persists: how to coexist in an open and finite world where the Other is omnipresent, but still so distinct and inevitable? The issue of the relationship with the Other, with the obligation and the difficulty of cohabitation, is at the heart of our challenges. In other words, the question that arises is: how can we have this approximation between the partners from these countries without the risk of dissipating the group and the joint project? How do deal with the fact that technological innovation, in spite of facilitating working in a network, is unable to resolve basic problems of communication and understanding between partners?</p>
				<p>BRICS meetings are held on a wide variety of topics and with varied actors, from the State, NGOs or the civil society. Since foundation in 2009, in subsequent years, with the notable exception of 2019, the number and variety of activities has been increasing. Working collectively is not easy due to the distinct agendas, cultural perspectives and national interests. At times, and the authors have witnessed this, an entire project may risk imploding or melting away as a result of misunderstandings, which may be interpreted as interpersonal disputes. Other times, the building of BRICS initiatives seems more like a house of cards than institutional development. But these are also important results, through misunderstandings, non-communication and conflicts dialogue can also advance. Such difficulties are to be found at the heart of building the BRICS NU. Awareness - acute amongst diplomats and others who build international initiatives - reduces the likelihood that specific failures may halt the development of a spirit of cooperation. For some readers, these questions may seem trivial, but in practice they also address one of the main difficulties in the dialogue between the BRICS countries: language.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Selection and participation of Brazilian HEIs in the BRICS NU</title>
			<p>In line with the Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of the BRICS NU, the Brazilian Ministry of Education, through Ordinance no. 906 of September 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2015, established the National Coordinating Committee of the BRICS Network University. Among other duties, the Committee was responsible for determining and publicizing the general criteria and rules for the participation of Brazilian universities in the BRICS NU. This committee was apparently responsible for the preparation of the call for proposals launched by Capes on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2015, aimed at selecting proposals from Brazilian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), which, through their Graduate Programs of excellence<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, would become part of the BRICS NU<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. The thematic fields described in the call for proposals correspond to the six priority fields agreed in the Memorandum of Understanding signed in Moscow on November 18<sup>th</sup>, 2015: a) Energy; b) Computer Sciences and Information Security; c) BRICS studies, in courses on International Relations, Political Sciences or Social Sciences; d) Ecology and Climate Change; e) Water Resources and Pollution Treatment; and f) Economics. In each field, up to two proposals from universities with high qualification and expertise related to the respective theme would be selected. The purpose was to select institutions committed to the following objectives: creating new Graduate Programs to be proposed as part of the BRICS NU; developing teaching and research activities in English, with full use of in-person and distance information technologies, including instructional and educational materials; promoting faculty and student exchange in order to encourage partnerships between HEIs and research centers in the BRICS countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">MEC, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>In Brazil, proposals by Graduate Programs (GP) from eight universities and one research institute were selected and became part of the BRICS NU as of 2016. Some of these projects were developed in partnership with more than one institution, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1. Proposals</label>
					<caption>
						<title>selected in the call for proposals MEC no. 03/2015 - BRICS</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">IES PROPONENT</th>
								<th align="center">HEI ASSOCIATED</th>
								<th align="center">GP</th>
								<th align="left">TITLE OF THE PROPOSAL</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">FIELD: Computer Sciences and Information Security </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFMG</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">Computer Sciences</td>
								<td align="left">Cyber-Physical Systems for a Massively Connected Society</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFRGS</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">Computing</td>
								<td align="justify">Joint Graduate Program in Cyber ​​Security: Bridging the Cyber ​​and Physical Worlds Through Smart and Secure Management</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">FIELD: Ecology and Climate Change </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">INPA</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">Biology (Ecology)</td>
								<td align="left">INPA’s proposal for the BRICS 2015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFF</td>
								<td align="center">USP</td>
								<td align="center">Geochemistry</td>
								<td align="justify">UFF-USP South American Climate Change: from the past to the future</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">FIELD: Economy </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFMG</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">Economy</td>
								<td align="left">Comparative Development: Emergent Issues in BRICS Countries</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UNICAMP</td>
								<td align="center">UFRJ</td>
								<td align="center">Economic Sciences</td>
								<td align="justify">BRICS: Economy Challenges for a Horizontal and Sustainable Alliance</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">FIELD: Energy </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFSC</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">Mechanical Engineering</td>
								<td align="left">Network University Graduate Program in Energy Engineering</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFV</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">Agricultural Engineering</td>
								<td align="justify">Contribution of the Federal University of Viçosa to the BRICS Network University</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">FIELD: BRICS Studies </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UNICAMP</td>
								<td align="center">UFRJ / UFRGS</td>
								<td align="center">Sociology</td>
								<td align="left">BRICS Sociology: Development, Inequality and Dialogue</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">PUC/Rio</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">International Relations</td>
								<td align="justify">BRICS Policy Center</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">FIELD: Water Resources and Population Treatments </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFMG</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="left">Water Resources, Sanitation and Environment Management: research, education and innovation in the BRICS economies</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">UFRJ</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Water resources and environmental studies</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Source: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">MEC/Capes</xref>, 2016 (compiled by the authors).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>UFMG was the university with the largest number of approved projects, with a total of three, followed by Unicamp with two projects and the other HEIs, with one project each. Since the change of government in 2016, the Brazilian financing of the BRICS NU remained restricted to the Yekaterinburg meeting, up until the time this article was written (November 2019). The financial situation of Brazil’s involvement was entirely different to that of the other four countries involved. This situation has made it difficult for the Brazilian parties to implement the proposals and to meet most established goals.</p>
			<p>Considering the short-term goals of BRICS NU, which are to foster academic collaboration between universities in the five countries through joint research and the mobility of students and scholars, we may say that significant advances have already been made, mainly in the scope of activities carried out within the International Thematic Groups, according to reports made available by the network’s member universities. These activities include, among others, the participation of Brazilian researchers and students in face-to-face meetings of the network, in joint research activities, distance courses and exchange missions<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>In Brazil, we highlight the BRICS Network University meeting focused on Economics and organized by the Institute of Economics of the University of Campinas, between the 5<sup>th</sup> and the 9<sup>th</sup> of August 2019. During the event, meetings of the BRICS NU Economics steering committee took place, as well as a Research Seminar by the International Group on Economics and a Winter School for students, which included not only students from the five countries of the bloc, but also from other nations, such as Germany, Austria, United States, Guatemala, Colombia, Iran and Tajikistan<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn15"><sup>15</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Regarding the research strand focused on “BRICS Studies” maintained by Unicamp and the associated universities, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), we highlight the contribution of the collective works <italic>Handbook of social stratification in the BRIC countries</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">LI, GORSHKOV, SCALON, SHARMA, 2013</xref>) and <italic>Handbook of the sociology of youth in BRICS countries</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">DWYER, GORSHKOV, MODI, LI, MAPADIMENG, 2018</xref>.), which have been used in several course programs offered at universities associated with the BRICS NU. These two important sociology handbooks have a lot to teach, and here we summarize some elements worth noting. Notably, it is possible to reach a sociological understanding of our partners without going through years of specialized studies on each society. Li Peilin writes in the introduction to the handbook, of which he was the chief editor, that analyzing </p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>changes in the social stratification structures of the BRIC countries, is a special sociological perspective (...). This very special perspective will also help us unveil the mystery of how these emerging powers, with such dramatic differences in history, geography, culture, language, religion etc., could in some instances share a common will and take joint action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">LI, GORSHKOV, SCALON, SHARMA, 2013</xref>, p. xxiv-xxv). </p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>This observation highlights the governance challenges, common to countries with large territories and populations, postulated long ago by Montesquieu in <italic>L'esprit des lois</italic>. The two aforementioned books show that the development of these countries does not follow the theory of modernization. Both works reveal that there are social dynamics common to some of these countries which are not always the subject of reflection in the West. Within the scope of the research strand of BRICS Studies, although under an entirely different funding situation, we have also observed the opening of the CASS-Unicamp Center for Studies on China in May 2019. CASS (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) is China’s most important research institution on social sciences and humanities. Unicamp, Brazil’s leading university by some rankings, is the first Latin-American university to have such a CASS Center, which aims to provide Brazilian scholars with perspectives that should lead to the identification of the opportunities and challenges that the rise of China presents for Brazil, to promote collaboration among researchers and exchanges between Brazil and China<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn16"><sup>16</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>On the other hand, one middle term BRICS NU goal is to create joint graduate programs that will issue degrees valid in the five countries, has made little progress. Not only financial investments will be necessary to achieve this, but also specific agreements to enable the mutual recognition of the degrees issued by these programs. As pointed out in the article, barriers raised by the public bodies that regulate higher education in Brazil have halted the progress of academic dialogue between Brazil and the other BRICS countries in the context of BRICS NU. As for the long-term goals - to improve scientific development according to the needs of non-central countries, with the aim of offering a contribution to “reshaping the knowledge of the world”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn17"><sup>17</sup></xref> - considering Brazil’s current political and economic situation, marked by drastic cuts in resources for public universities and for research development agencies, the country’s scientists have been set a difficult task. At present only China and Russia appear to be moving closer to achieving this goal.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Final remarks</title>
				<p>Throughout this article, we have tried to demonstrate that, in order to present themselves as a sustainable alternative, BRICS countries have attempted to create a common educational field. Joint educational projects should bring the normative dimension to the highly pragmatic BRICS bloc. In this sense, it is reasonable for the BRICS countries to take part in several excellence projects which aim to better integrate them into the global academic world, while also taking part in horizontal South-South cooperation. The first strategy is organized according to the main lines of the current academic neoliberal revolution, while the second seeks to offer alternatives to the existing power system in international higher education. Active participation in horizontal projects is undoubtedly of great interest to BRICS’ higher education institutions. The BRICS NU provides an incipient example of how these projects may be implemented. The initial steps have barely been taken, and much remains to be done.</p>
				<p>However, considering the fact that the BRIC bloc has only been institutionalized in 2009, and South Africa was only incorporated in 2011 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">STUENKEL, 2015</xref>), it can be said that this child has already taken important steps with regard to South-South cooperation between universities. According to Dwyer,</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>when I went to Beijing in 2010, I considered the idea of a future for the BRICs to be a hypothesis. Over the past few years, I have worked to promote mutual recognition among BRICS sociologists. I learned that dialogues work best when they are based on friendship and bilateral relationships. I could never have imagined at the time that leaders, diplomats and sociologists could go so far. Life is made of bets: at the moment, my bet is that the project can work. On a personal level, I would like to continue my research on the construction of bilateral relations between Brazil and China. If these results help to think about the BRICS, I would be very happy, but as Cristovão Buarque reminds us (…) the BRICS must be a source of inspiration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">DWYER, 2017</xref>, p. 105). </p>
				</disp-quote>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
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					<article-title>Globalization, information and communication technologies, and the prospect of a “global village”: promises of inclusion or electronic colonization?</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Curriculum Studies</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>65</fpage>
					<lpage>83</lpage>
					<year>2005</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027032000190687</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<title>Notes</title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p> Translated from Portuguese by Liana Fernandes, revised by the Brazilian authors</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>2</label>
				<p>In this article we will not discuss the functioning and organization of higher education in the BRICS countries. On this subject, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carnoy <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> and Schwartzman, Pinheiro and Pillay (2015).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>3</label>
				<p>See, among others, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Qingnian, Duanhong and Hong (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ying (2011)</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Peters and Besley (2018)</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>4</label>
				<p>See, among others, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sidorenko and Gorbatova (2015)</xref> and Khomyakov (2016).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
				<label>5</label>
				<p>For an analysis of the new meanings that universities in BRICS countries might give to the notions of “excellence” and “world-class universities”, see this interesting article by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">David and Motala (2017)</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>6</label>
				<p>On this aspect, and based on this concept, there is a research currently in progress at the BRICS Studies Center of Fudan University (Shanghai, China).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>7</label>
				<p>On this subject, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Center for BRICS Studies (2015)</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<label>8</label>
				<p>Stunkel has called these efforts a hidden world of intra-BRICS cooperation which are being carried out in different areas and themes. For more details, see the list with the themes of the meetings and the frequency with which these occurred (STUNKEL, 2015, chapter 5).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
				<label>9</label>
				<p>https://nu-brics.ru</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
				<label>10</label>
				<p>In addition to BRICS NU, an initiative led by Russia, agreements were also signed for the creation of the BRICS Universities League, led by China. However, to date, the League has made little progress compared to the BRICS NU (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">YUYUN, 2018</xref>).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
				<label>11</label>
				<p>In 2019 the BRICS NU meeting was not held as promised. However, there were some other meetings related to higher education: the BRICS Academic Forum, organized by the Institute of Economic and Applied Research (Ipea) in September and the III BRICS Seminar on Governance organized by FGV-Rio, in October.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn12">
				<label>12</label>
				<p>Graduate Programs ranked ‘6 and 7’ by CAPES. MEC were considered to be ‘excellent’.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn13">
				<label>13</label>
				<p>The announcement was made during the International Seminar &quot;Rethinking the University Comparatively between countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China&quot;. For more information cf. &lt;https://www.capes.gov.br/todas-noticias/7759-edital-para-a-consolidacao-da-universidade-em-rede-do-brics-e-lancado-durante-seminario&gt;.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
				<label>14</label>
				<p>For more information, see &lt;https://nu-brics.ru/itg&gt;.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
				<label>15</label>
				<p>See &lt;https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/noticias/2019/08/09/unicamp-sedia-atividades-do-brics-nu&gt; e &lt;https://we.hse.ru/en/brics&gt;.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
				<label>16</label>
				<p>For more information, see the article on the inauguration of the Center at: &lt; https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/index.php/noticias/2019/05/10/unicamp-inaugura-centro-da-cass-academia-chinesa-de-ciencias-sociais&gt;.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn17">
				<label>17</label>
				<p>See &lt;https://www.eco.unicamp.br/eventos/annual-meeting-of-the-brics-network-university-economics&gt;.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Internacionalização da educação superior: excelência ou construção de redes? Do que os países BRICS precisam mais?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1996-9896</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Khomyakov</surname>
						<given-names>Maxim</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8366-136X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dwyer</surname>
						<given-names>Tom</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1450-2004</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Weller</surname>
						<given-names>Wivian</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<institution content-type="original">* Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg &amp; Urals Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg &amp; Urals Federal University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Yekaterinburg</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="RU">Russia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<institution content-type="original">** Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Campinas</city>
					<state>SP</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<institution content-type="original">*** Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília (UnB)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="equal" id="fn35">
					<p>Maxim Khomyakov é professor no Departamento de Ciência Política e Assuntos Internacionais da HSE University e diretor adjunto do campus da HSE em São Petersburgo, Russia. ( mhomyakov@hse.ru Tom Dwyer é professor titular do Departamento de Sociologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) e bolsista produtividade em pesquisa do CNPq, Brasil. ( tom@unicamp.br Wivian Weller é professora associada da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e bolsista produtividade em pesquisa do CNPq, Brasil. (wivian@unb.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O artigo é dedicado à discussão sobre a cooperação internacional no contexto da educação superior nos países do BRICS. Inicia com uma análise das mudanças radicais no mundo acadêmico global, que são descritas como uma influência conjunta das tendências de massificação, globalização e internacionalização. Segundo os autores, os países do BRICS podem enfrentar esses desafios a partir de duas abordagens principais: por meio da criação de vários projetos de excelência e por meio do desenvolvimento de redes universitárias estruturadas horizontalmente, a exemplo da BRICS <italic>Network University</italic>. Os objetivos da primeira abordagem consistem na criação de universidades de elite e uma melhor integração à academia global, enquanto a segunda aborda questões mais prementes relacionadas ao desenvolvimento atual das sociedades nos BRICS. A conclusão é que, embora os projetos de excelência ajudem a desenvolver uma educação de classe mundial, as redes conseguem responder melhor às necessidades atuais dos países do BRICS.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>educação superior</kwd>
				<kwd>transformação neoliberal da educação</kwd>
				<kwd>internacionalização da educação superior</kwd>
				<kwd>BRICS Network University</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Notas introdutórias: rumo à formação do capitalismo educacional transnacional</title>
				<p>Há uma notável semelhança entre a maior parte das discussões recentes sobre a revolução da educação superior que parece estar ocorrendo na atualidade. Nos referimos aqui a quatro processos principais, que constituem mudanças radicais no ambiente universitário na atualidade: massificação, comercialização, globalização e internacionalização (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ALTBACH; REISBERG; RUMBLEY, 2009</xref>). Esses quatro processos, no entanto, são apenas aspectos de uma única transformação global, de uma única tendência geral. Eles estão fortemente interconectados e entrelaçados. As universidades internacionalizadas, por exemplo, também são naturalmente comercializadas, simplesmente porque é muito difícil convencer os contribuintes nacionais a apoiar estudantes internacionais. Por outro lado, uma classe média crescente em vários países do Sul Global busca acesso ao ensino superior no exterior, contribuindo assim para a internacionalização e massificação das universidades no Norte Global. As quatro tendências se retroalimentam, unindo-se para contribuir com o processo de transformação radical.</p>
				<p>Essa transformação é neoliberal em sua essência, pois resulta em tratar o ensino superior não como um bem público importante, mas como um produto que está à venda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">HAZELKORN, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">RHOADS; LI; ILANO, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">DILL; SOO, 2005</xref>). Essa transformação foi reforçada pela crescente referência aos <italic>rankings</italic> acadêmicos. A lógica do bem público foi substituída pela lógica da marca comercial privada e a ideia humboldtiana de desenvolvimento individual deu lugar aos serviços educacionais prestados pelas universidades. O resultado é o fenômeno do “capitalismo educacional” que ameaça expurgar os valores não comerciais. Como empresas comerciais, as universidades param de desempenhar algumas de suas funções sociais realmente importantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">SANDEL, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>A internacionalização é certamente um dos aspectos mais proeminentes dessa transformação global. O crescimento explosivo da população jovem em países como Nigéria, Índia, Etiópia, Indonésia, Quênia, Filipinas, Irã, Paquistão, Angola e Nepal os torna mercados potencialmente muito atraentes para o recrutamento de estudantes estrangeiros. A escassez de instituições de educação superior, combinada com o crescimento gradual da classe média, leva um número crescente de jovens desses países a buscarem educação paga no exterior. A revolução neoliberal acadêmica reforça ainda mais a lacuna entre o Sul Global como provedor de estudantes e o Norte Global como principal destino do estudo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">WAGNER, 2017</xref>). A resultante comercialização das universidades está obscurecendo as fronteiras entre a educação pública e a privada. Assim, em muitas universidades públicas nos Estados Unidos da América, por exemplo, apenas 1/5 do orçamento provêm de fontes públicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ALTBACH; REISBERG; RUMBLEY, 2009</xref>). Esse fato nos faz pensar em que sentido a educação em alguns países desenvolvidos ainda pode ser chamada de “pública”.</p>
				<p>Nesse sentido, a internacionalização e a “radicalização acadêmica” trazem consigo não só a suposta ou real abertura e inclusão. Elas promovem a consolidação do mercado educacional global, a concorrência acirrada entre universidades e sistemas educacionais nacionais, a substituição das abordagens de orientação nacional pela educação comercial transnacional, bem como o desaparecimento gradual do conceito de educação como bem público. Consequentemente, a luta das universidades por recursos materiais e humanos é intensificada tanto nacional quanto internacionalmente. Assim, internacionalização e globalização acompanham os processos que são fundamentais na formação do sistema capitalista educacional global.</p>
				<p>A maioria das universidades dos países do Sul Global acabam perdendo nessa competição, independentemente de quão ativas e participativas elas sejam nessa corrida. Quem se abstém, perde desde o início; quem participa, julga ser impossível competir com os centros de poder acadêmico estabelecidos e, eventualmente, também perde. A competição pela reputação leva ao chamado <italic>Efeito Matthew</italic>, no qual a reputação estabelecida não é contestada, mas simplesmente reforçada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pusser e Marginson (2013</xref>, p. 558) descrevem o projeto de ranqueamentos acadêmicos mundiais como “neo-imperiais” e argumentam que “pelo fato de as normas dos sistemas de ranqueamento serem em grande parte consoantes com as instituições de educação superior mais fortes do mundo localizadas nos Estados Unidos, esse efeito disciplinar é especialmente nocivo em estados-nação fora dos Estados Unidos” . Indiscutivelmente, a chegada de novas tecnologias, como os <italic>massive open online courses</italic> - MOOCS, com milhões de estudantes online realizando cursos nas melhores <italic>world-class universities</italic>, torna essa brecha entre o Norte e o Sul ainda mais ampla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">ZEMBYLAS; VRASIDAS, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>A crescente diferença entre o Norte Global e o Sul Global faz com que as universidades dos países emergentes busquem uma estratégia eficaz para superar as diferenças mais agravantes. Atualmente, existem duas dessas estratégias, que gostaríamos de discutir aqui: a primeira é uma tentativa de ganhar sua própria participação no mercado educacional global através da participação ativa na corrida mundial pela excelência, enquanto a segunda é mais uma tentativa de construir uma visão alternativa. A primeira estratégia foi implementada em vários projetos de excelência em diferentes países, enquanto a segunda constitui o principal foco de projetos horizontais em rede. A primeira é voltada para a criação de universidades de elite de classe mundial, enquanto a segunda aborda problemas específicos das sociedades do Sul Global. A primeira está totalmente de acordo com a atual transformação neoliberal da educação global, enquanto a segunda é uma tentativa de encontrar uma alternativa aos padrões promovidos pelo capitalismo educacional transnacional. A seguir, analisaremos brevemente o impacto de cada uma dessas estratégias nos sistemas nacionais de educação dos países do BRICS<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Projetos de excelência: pavimentando caminhos para a educação transnacional</title>
				<p>O impacto do novo modelo de educação superior transnacional nos sistemas nacionais é especialmente intenso nos países que lutam por uma melhor representação no mercado educacional global. Essa luta, intensificada pela obsessão pelo <italic>ranking</italic> acadêmico, por vezes pode levar ao comprometimento de metas nacionais e tradições locais na educação superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">KHOMYAKOV, 2016</xref>). Aqueles que decidem participar ativamente da corrida acadêmica global devem estar prontos para investir pesadamente em algumas instituições de elite. Por um lado, “uma universidade de classe mundial implica em uma operação anual de US$ 1-1,5 bilhões” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">HAZELKORN, 2007</xref>, p. 1); por outro, construir uma nova reputação é muito mais caro do que manter uma já existente. As universidades de maior prestígio no mundo são geralmente as mais antigas, o que coloca países com tradição acadêmica recente, por si só, em posição de desvantagem, exigindo das mesmas um investimento significativo em infraestrutura para a pesquisa e em capital humano, ou seja, no recrutamento de professores e pesquisadores de renome internacional. Entre os países do BRICS, a China, desde 1999, gastou cerca de US$ 6 bilhões em programas dedicados à criação de <italic>world-class universities</italic> (WCUs), dentre os quais, o Projeto 985 e o Projeto <italic>Double First Class Universities,</italic> com forte investimento no aperfeiçoamento do quadro docente por meio de estadias longas no exterior (sobretudo em países de língua inglesa), incentivo à publicação em revistas internacionais, recrutamento de docentes e pesquisadores estrangeiros para suas universidades e criação de programas de mestrado e doutorado internacionais para estrangeiros oferecidos em língua inglesa<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. A Rússia, investiu entre 2012 e 2017 cerca de US$ 878,5 milhões em seu conhecido Projeto 5-100, que apoia o aumento da competitividade internacional das 21 melhores instituições de educação superior do país<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Alguns resultados desses investimentos nos países BRICS já são reconhecidos. Uma pesquisa coordenada por Martin Carnoy, professor da <italic>Stanford University</italic>, destaca que a China e a Rússia - e, em menor escala, o Brasil e a Índia - estão cada vez mais posicionados como verdadeiros concorrentes tanto na quantidade quanto na qualidade de estudantes formados em ciências e engenharia” (CARNOY <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). Mas apesar dos investimentos em cursos de excelência, observados sobretudo na China e na Rússia, o desempenho das universidades dos países do BRICS no <italic>ranking</italic> mundial de universidades ainda não impressiona. Mesmo a China, com seus altos investimentos, contava em 2019 com apenas 7 universidades entre as 200 melhores de acordo com o último ranking da <italic>Times Higher Education</italic> (THE) e 8 universidades entre as 200 melhores de acordo com o <italic>QS World University Rankings</italic>, publicado pela Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), do Reino Unido. A Rússia possui uma universidade em ambos os rankings; a África do Sul conta com duas instituições entre as 200 melhores do ranking da THE e uma universidade entre as 200 melhores do ranking da QS; Índia e Brasil não estão representadas entre as 200 melhores do ranking da THE e contam, cada uma, com duas universidades entre as 200 melhores de acordo com o ranking da QS. Por outro lado, inacreditavelmente, o Reino Unido está representado com 32 universidades entre as 200 melhores segundo o ranking da THE e com 30 instituições entre as 200 da QS. Esse <italic>ranking</italic> mundial contrastante ilustra bem a brecha que os países das economias emergentes estão agora tentando, tão desesperadamente, preencher através de seus projetos de excelência<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn21"><sup>21</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>O objetivo principal das iniciativas de excelência é alcançar uma melhor integração no mundo acadêmico global, em detrimento de questões nacionais mais prementes que acabam sendo colocadas de lado. No caso da Rússia, o projeto 5-100 está explicitamente orientado a melhorar o desempenho de suas universidades no cenário global. O projeto definiu inicialmente uma meta totalmente irrealista para o sistema educacional, qual seja, a de levar pelo menos cinco universidades ao <italic>top</italic> 100 do <italic>ranking</italic> mundial de universidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">KHOMYAKOV, 2016</xref>). Em alguns casos, os objetivos podem ser expressos de maneira mais sutil, mas todos eles, invariavelmente, levam ao mesmo objetivo: a promoção da educação tecnológica transnacional, que se tornou uma nova norma educacional na modernidade tardia. A internacionalização se tornou um dos objetivos mais importantes do desenvolvimento da educação superior.</p>
				<p>O mais importante aqui é que as universidades que se envolvem na busca de uma melhor integração na ‘academia global’ (‘<italic>world academia’</italic>) são obrigadas a passar por transformações a fim de atender os padrões externos. Dessa forma, o impacto negativo do sistema de ranqueamento na configuração de uma instituição não afeta as “instituições no topo das tabelas de classificação global, que podem determinar suas próprias identidades” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AMSLER; BOLSMANN, 2012</xref>, p. 287). Em alguns países emergentes, as instituições nacionais de elite foram “parcialmente deslocadas” pelas principais universidades do mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">MARGINSON, 2007</xref>, p. 11). O impacto de reagir ao sistema de ranqueamento pode ser desastroso nos países que aspiram a um melhor posicionamento para seus sistemas de educação superior nas principais tabelas de classificação.</p>
				<p>Outra característica óbvia dos programas de excelência é sua orientação à criação de escolas de elite típicas das <italic>World Class Universities</italic>, com missões e propósitos distintos. As escolas de elite, ao mesmo tempo em que recrutam os estudantes das melhores escolas de ensino médio, recebem apoio adicional. O apoio dado às escolas de elite pelos governos contribui para aumentar ainda mais as desigualdades educacionais básicas nessas sociedades. Como a maioria dos estudantes egressos das melhores escolas de ensino médio pertence à classe média alta, os subsídios dos governos às iniciativas de excelência subsidiam indiretamente os setores mais favorecidos da sociedade. Os programas de excelência, portanto, reforçam indiretamente a desigualdade social e a injustiça (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">TOMLINSON, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">LIU, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Evidentemente, os projetos de excelência também apresentam aspectos positivos. Eles fazem as universidades se preocuparem com sua reputação internacional, estabelecem altos padrões internacionais e integram pesquisa e educação na academia global. Tais projetos estimulam os pesquisadores a publicar em revistas especializadas e motivam os professores a criar programas educacionais capazes de atrair bons estudantes internacionais. Os <italic>rankings</italic> se tornam um instrumento de <italic>benchmarking</italic> interessante e fornecem à gestão da universidade métricas úteis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">HAZELKORN, 2014</xref>). Sem dúvida, “o ranking chegou para ficar. Mesmo que os acadêmicos estejam cientes de que os resultados dos <italic>rankings</italic> são tendenciosos (...) eles também reconhecem que (...) a posição no <italic>ranking</italic> pode ser um fator chave para garantir recursos adicionais” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">RAUHVARGERS, 2013</xref>, p. 25).</p>
				<p>Contudo, a busca por uma melhor integração na assim chamada “academia global” (<italic>world academy</italic>) não pode levar à negligência em relação aos problemas mais urgentes no próprio país e tampouco comprometer a missão original da universidade. Um modelo único, com base nos padrões das universidades de classe mundial localizadas nos países desenvolvidos, não é necessariamente melhor e, na maioria das vezes, não atende as especificidades locais. Portanto, é necessário encontrar um equilíbrio adequado entre a orientação aos padrões internacionais e o comprometimento nacional ou regional da instituição de educação superior.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Universidade em Rede do BRICS: abordando problemas comuns</title>
				<p>Uma possível resposta aos desequilíbrios resultantes da obsessão com as classificações mundiais é dada pelas redes acadêmicas de universidades, que compartilham algumas abordagens gerais com base nos problemas comuns de suas sociedades. Isso ajuda a entender por que a cooperação Sul-Sul organizada horizontalmente é ainda mais importante do que a tradicional colaboração verticalmente estabelecida entre o Norte “desenvolvido” e o Sul “emergente”. </p>
				<p>O BRICS - sigla cunhada inicialmente como BRIC por Jim O’Neill em 2001 e posteriormente como BRICS, com a entrada da África do Sul em 2011 no agrupamento - foi concebido em seus primórdios como um agrupamento econômico e a denominação era de uso restrito ao mundo financeiro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">STUENKEL, 2015</xref>). Ao longo dos anos foi se constituindo sobretudo como um agrupamento político que, apesar das mudanças de governo nos respectivos países nesses últimos anos e dos graves problemas econômicos vividos sobretudo por Rússia, Brasil e África do Sul, continuam a dialogar em diferentes esferas. Seus líderes se reúnem de forma sistemática, entre outros encontros, na reunião anual de cúpula do BRICS, que teve sua décima primeira edição em 2019, em Brasília. Os países que integram o bloco se caracterizam mais pelas diferenças do que pelas semelhanças, mas o que faz o grupo perdurar são algumas similaridades e uma filosofia de trabalho. Com relação às similitudes, destaca-se o fato de serem grandes países em desenvolvimento, de exercerem função de liderança em suas regiões, de compartilharem ideias em comum sobre a arquitetura das instituições multilaterais internacionais construídas depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial, ou seja, de que as mesmas não atendem adequadamente os interesses dos países em desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, era necessário desenvolver uma nova filosofia e novas práticas de cooperação, que, em certa medida, se concretizaram com a criação do <italic>New Development Bank</italic> (NDB): “A intenção era que uma relação de igualdade, respeito mútuo e confiança nos países-membros permeasse todas os aspectos das políticas e operações (...) O respeito à soberania nacional seria de importância central” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">BATISTA, 2019</xref>, p. 265). Embora boa parte da imprensa ocidental critique o BRICS, ele continua ativo e é fruto de uma obra extraordinária da vontade política desses países. Trata-se da primeira aglomeração não regional de Estados em desenvolvimento desde a formação do movimento dos países não alinhados, após a conferência de 1955 em Bandung. Dominique Wolton, na introdução de um número especial da revista Hermès intitulado “BRICS: um espaço esquecido”, destaca que o agrupamento é “um dos terrenos mais interessantes de leitura da globalização cultural, prova de que a política não para nunca e de que a ausência de legitimidade não impede a invenção. Este projeto improvável ainda existe. Ele é a criação mais original desde a ONU” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">WOLTON, 2017</xref>, p. 9).</p>
				<p>O BRICS é um agrupamento, mais voltado para o estabelecimento de consenso pragmático do que normativo. Os objetivos gerais e as tarefas imediatas do BRICS sempre foram pragmáticos: superar as consequências da crise econômica global, criar condições para o desenvolvimento sustentável, salvaguardar a segurança nacional, entre outros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">STUENKEL, 2015</xref>). Por esse motivo, a criação de uma área educacional comum não foi considerada, pelo menos até o presente, como uma tarefa própria das instituições do BRICS. Como resultado, a colaboração em pesquisa e educação entre os países do bloco não tem sido intensa. O número de copublicações entre pesquisadores de qualquer grupo de pares dos cinco países não excede 3% do número total de publicações de uma nação específica do BRICS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">KHOMYAKOV, 2016</xref>). No que diz respeito à mobilidade acadêmica, somente a China apresenta um intenso intercâmbio de estudantes internacionais. Programas de dupla titulação entre universidades de diferentes países do BRICS também são raríssimos. Ademais, os sistemas educacionais, com exceção de China e Rússia, são muito diferentes e difíceis de ser comparados significativamente entre si. Foi nesse contexto que Altbach e Basset alegaram que o conceito de BRICS enquanto um bloco “é realmente de baixa relevância na compreensão do complexo ambiente de ensino superior” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">ALTBACH; BASSET, 2014</xref>, p. 2).</p>
				<p>Se o bloco do BRICS quiser desenvolver e proporcionar uma visão realmente alternativa da “remodelação do mundo” (<italic>world-making</italic>), poderá contribuir revelando - além do pragmatismo puro - uma mensagem para o mundo assim como abordagens pautadas em valores diferentes. O desenvolvimento de qualquer estrutura de valor, no entanto, requer áreas educacionais e de pesquisa comuns, bem como ricas interações culturais entre os países. Um projeto de educação superior do BRICS a ser tomado com seriedade deve incluir todos esses aspectos. Caso contrário, será rapidamente substituído por outra alternativa mais viável.</p>
				<p>Nesse entendimento, a base do projeto BRICS é a ideia do Sul Global Emergente, com a colaboração estruturada horizontalmente como uma de suas construções inerentes. Essa ideia, por sua vez, fundamenta-se em teorias da modernidade plural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">WAGNER, 2017</xref>) e implica uma nova compreensão de desenvolvimento<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn22"><sup>22</sup></xref>, pautada em princípios de igualdade, autonomia e sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">FAN, 2016</xref>)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Nesse entendimento, os países do BRICS não estão, de forma alguma, voltados contra a ordem mundial neoliberal predominante, mas tentam fornecer uma visão alternativa de desenvolvimento, desprovida dos remanescentes do imperialismo e do colonialismo<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Origem da BRICS Network University</title>
					<p>O fortalecimento das relações Sul-Sul também passou a ser fomentado em nível acadêmico entre os países que integram o BRICS. Cabe destacar que as universidades dos países BRICS se originaram a partir de tradições acadêmicas distintas, com formas de organização e funcionamento que revelam grandes diferenças quando comparadas umas às outras. Ademais, as forças que as governam são ligadas aos sistemas políticos de cada país (CARNOY <italic>et al</italic>. 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">SCHWARTZMAN <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). A despeito das assimetrias oriundas das diferentes tradições acadêmicas dessas instituições, das posições que as mesmas ocupam nos <italic>rankings</italic> internacionais e de seus interesses no universo acadêmico, o BRICS impulsionou a criação de redes de cooperação acadêmica. Nessa direção, a Universidade em Rede do BRICS (em inglês: <italic>BRICS Network University</italic>) representa um dos projetos mais desenvolvidos até o momento. Através do trabalho em rede, busca-se minimizar os impactos das assimetrias existentes entre as instituições acadêmicas, estabelecer uma relação de cooperação em que todos os parceiros extraiam proveito do compartilhamento de conhecimentos em áreas de interesses estratégicos dos países (<italic>win-win cooperation</italic>), sem, no entanto, interferir em sua soberania, na estrutura das instituições ou no funcionamento de seus sistemas. </p>
					<p>A Universidade em Rede do BRICS, que recebeu a sigla BRICS NU, foi criada a partir da assinatura de um Memorando de Entendimento, em Moscou, pelos Ministros de Educação dos cinco países, em 18 de novembro de 2015. A BRICS NU teve sua primeira reunião em abril de 2016 em Ecaterimburgo, na Rússia, com o propósito de ser uma universidade em rede que, entre outros, deverá oferecer cursos de mestrado e doutorado nas seis áreas de conhecimento elencadas como prioritárias no respectivo Memorando: Energia; Ciência da computação e segurança da informação; Estudos dos BRICS; Ecologia e mudanças climáticas; Recursos hídricos e tratamento da poluição; Economia. Os cursos nas respectivas universidades devem ser ministrados em inglês e propor atividades à distância, aulas regulares e cursos intensivos (por exemplo: escolas de verão ou de inverno). </p>
					<p>A BRICS NU caracteriza a abertura de um espaço único para a cooperação acadêmica - bem diferente das universidades fundadas em outras contextos internacionais (por exemplo: o Instituto Universitário Europeu ou a Universidade das Nações Unidas) - por não possuir uma sede fixa, ser bastante especializada e operar em escala intercontinental. Ela não possui um secretariado permanente ou reitor. O Presidente é nomeado anualmente pelo país Presidente do BRICS e todas as decisões estratégicas são tomadas coletivamente pelo Conselho de Administração Internacional (IGB). O Conselho é composto por 15 membros permanentes, representando as universidades e os Ministérios da Educação dos 5 países. Seguindo as regras dos outros órgãos do BRICS (com a exceção do NDB), todas as decisões são tomadas em consenso e não implicam mecanismo de votação.</p>
					<p>Atualmente a rede é composta por 55 universidades dos 5 países do BRICS, implementando conjuntamente programas de mestrado e doutorado nas seis áreas prioritárias. Além das matérias publicadas nos <italic>sites</italic> das universidades que fazem parte da BRICS NU, as principais atividades estão registradas no <italic>site</italic> próprio da instituição<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Em nível nacional, as atividades são organizadas por Comitês Nacionais de Coordenação, compostos pelos representantes de cada universidade. Questões substanciais são discutidas nos seis grupos temáticos internacionais, organizados de acordo com as seis áreas prioritárias. Nesse sentido, o sistema de coordenação é bastante complexo e consiste em órgãos nacionais e internacionais, formais e substanciais, ministeriais e relacionados a universidades. A complexidade do sistema torna, por vezes, o processo de tomada de decisão longo e difícil. Existe, no entanto, um entendimento compartilhado de que apenas esse sistema realmente corresponde aos princípios de igualdade e autonomia (soberania) da colaboração do BRICS. Em outras palavras, todos os esforços foram empreendidos para garantir a igualdade e a autonomia (soberania) dos participantes no que poderia eventualmente se tornar uma colaboração sustentável em nível universitário dos países do BRICS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Construção do entendimento mútuo e funcionamento da BRICS NU: proximidade e distância</title>
					<p>O estabelecimento de uma rede requer esforços não só na esfera organizacional, que diz respeito aos acordos e memorandos assinados pelos cinco países, mas exige também um exercício de entendimento do que cada parceiro espera do trabalho conjunto e do que cada país pode oferecer a fim de que a igualdade e a autonomia de cada parceiro seja garantida nessa relação sul-sul de cooperação mútua. Nesse sentido, a relação entre os parceiros e a construção do entendimento mútuo foi e continua sendo desenvolvida ao longo das reuniões anuais da BRICS NU. De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dwyer (2017</xref>), após uma reunião preparatória com todos os coordenadores dos projetos selecionados no Brasil, a comissão brasileira viajou para Ecaterimburgo, para a primeira reunião da BRICS NU, em abril de 2016. Para essa reunião, a África do Sul enviou uma delegação incompleta, em função de seus representantes não terem sido informados do encontro com a devida antecedência e devido a movimentos estudantis que estavam agitando as universidades. Já a delegação russa se fez presente com um número de participantes muito acima do que estava previsto nos acordos, o que causou tensões no órgão superior de governança da BRICS NU (IGB). Os delegados russos tinham motivações muito diferentes dos outros delegados e sua prioridade em relação ao BRICS NU era a promoção da mobilidade internacional de estudantes para suas próprias universidades ao invés da cooperação através do desenvolvimento de oferta conjunta de cursos. Fatores nacionais, relacionados à organização do evento e às diferentes agendas dos participantes, fizeram com que muitos membros da delegação brasileira em Ecaterimburgo saíssem sem entender como a rede funcionaria. Resumindo, havia uma representação desequilibrada e uma compreensão totalmente diferente do papel e da estrutura da BRICS NU entre os diferentes países. </p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dwyer (2017</xref>) destaca ainda que, durante a segunda reunião anual, ocorrida em Zhengzhou na China, em julho de 2017, a delegação brasileira foi reduzida devido aos problemas administrativos e financeiros que o país estava enfrentando e tampouco possuía o <italic>status</italic> de delegação oficial. Por outro lado, a delegação sul-africana foi abrangente e muito ativa. A delegação indiana, apesar da mudança de membros entre uma e outra reunião, foi a única a representar bem o país nos dois encontros. Quanto à delegação chinesa, houve uma divisão clara nas duas reuniões, ou seja, entre os que apoiavam outra iniciativa denominada Liga Universitária do BRICS<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn26"><sup>26</sup></xref> e os que haviam se comprometido com o projeto da BRICS NU. O grupo favorável à criação da Liga foi composto por quem desejava construir uma plataforma para a cooperação internacional que não estivesse diretamente ligada ao Ministério da Educação. O segundo grupo parecia estar composto por professores que não viam problemas na proximidade direta com o Ministério da Educação. Esta divisão chinesa parecia ter um impacto desigual sobre o trabalho dos seis grupos especializados.</p>
					<p>No ano seguinte, em 2018, a reunião ocorreu na Cidade do Cabo na África do Sul. Nessa reunião constatou-se que algumas universidades russas já haviam iniciado a oferta de cursos regulares ou cursos de verão/inverno, no intuito de acelerar os processos e demonstrar o envolvimento em ações concretas. As divisões visíveis na delegação chinesa pareciam ter sido sanadas. A África do Sul estava plenamente engajada e a reunião do BRICS NU contou inclusive com a participação de dois ministros daquele país. A delegação indiana estava incompleta por razões que não foram esclarecidas. O Brasil, mais uma vez enviou uma delegação incompleta e o único representante do Ministério de Educação não justificou a razão de o país não se empenhar plenamente. Porém, o Brasil assumiu o compromisso de organizar a reunião da BRICS NU durante a presidência brasileira do BRICS em 2019, bem como a reunião anual dos líderes do bloco<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. </p>
					<p>As tensões no interior de alguns países resultaram em fragilidades na implementação dos projetos de cooperação. Para as universidades que continuam na rede, permanece o desafio da comunicação e da compreensão do Outro: como conviver, ou melhor, coexistir em um mundo aberto e finito, onde o Outro é onipresente mas ainda tão diferente e inevitável? A questão da relação com o Outro, com a obrigação e a dificuldade da coabitação, está no centro dos nossos desafios. Em outras palavras, a questão que se coloca é: como fazer com que a aproximação com os colegas desses países não corra o risco de assolapar o grupo e o projeto conjunto? Como lidar com o fato de que a inovação tecnológica, apesar de facilitar o trabalho em rede, não é capaz de resolver problemas básicos de comunicação e de entendimento entre os parceiros? </p>
					<p>As reuniões dos BRICS são realizadas sobre uma grande diversidade de temas e com distintos atores, desde o Estado, ONGs ou a sociedade civil. Desde sua fundação em 2009, nos anos seguintes, com a notável exceção de 2019, o número e a variedade de atividades têm aumentado. Trabalhar coletivamente não é fácil, devido às diferentes agendas, perspectivas culturais e interesses nacionais. Às vezes - e os autores testemunharam isso -, todo um projeto corre o risco de implodir ou desfazer-se como resultado de mal-entendidos, que podem ser interpretados como disputas interpessoais. Outras vezes, a construção de iniciativas no BRICS parece mais um castelo de cartas do que o desenvolvimento institucional. Mas estes também são resultados importantes, considerando que, através de mal-entendidos, não-comunicação e diálogos conflitantes, também é possível avançar. Essas dificuldades podem ser encontradas no coração da construção dos BRICS NU. A conscientização - profunda sobretudo entre diplomatas e outros que constroem iniciativas internacionais - reduz a probabilidade de que falhas específicas possam deter o desenvolvimento de um espírito de cooperação. Para alguns leitores, essas questões podem parecer triviais, mas, na prática, elas também abordam uma das principais dificuldades no diálogo entre os países BRICS: a linguagem.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Seleção e participação das IES brasileiras no BRICS NU</title>
				<p>Em consonância com o Memorando de Entendimento para o Estabelecimento da BRICS NU, o Ministério da Educação, por meio da Portaria nº 906 de 2 de setembro de 2015, instituiu o Comitê Coordenador Nacional da Universidade em Rede do BRICS. Entre outras atividades, foi delegada ao comitê a responsabilidade de definir e divulgar os critérios e regras gerais para a participação de universidades brasileiras na BRICS NU. Ao que tudo indica, esse comitê foi responsável pela preparação do edital lançado pela Capes em 09 de dezembro de 2015, com o intuito de selecionar propostas de Instituições de Ensino Superior - IES brasileiras que, por meio de seus Programas de Pós-Graduação de excelência<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn28"><sup>28</sup></xref>, passariam a compor a BRICS NU<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. As áreas temáticas do edital correspondem às seis áreas prioritárias acordadas no Memorando de Entendimento assinado em 18 de novembro de 2015 na cidade de Moscou: a) Energia; b) Ciência da computação e segurança da informação; c) Estudos dos BRICS, em cursos de Relações Internacionais, Ciências Políticas ou Ciências Sociais; d) Ecologia e mudanças climáticas; e) Recursos hídricos e tratamento da poluição; e f) Economia. Para cada área foi prevista a seleção de até duas propostas, oriundas de universidades com alta qualificação e <italic>expertise</italic> na respectiva temática. O propósito era selecionar instituições que se comprometessem com os seguintes objetivos: criar novos programas de pós-graduação a serem propostos como integrantes da BRICS NU; desenvolver atividades de ensino e pesquisa em língua inglesa, com plena utilização de tecnologias de informação presenciais e à distância, incluindo-se materiais didáticos e pedagógicos; promover intercâmbio docente e discente de forma a estimular parcerias entre IES e centros de pesquisa dos países do BRICS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">MEC, 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>Ao todo, projetos liderados por programas de pós-graduação de oito universidades e de um instituto de pesquisa foram contemplados no edital e passaram, dessa forma, a compor a BRICS NU, a partir de 2016. Alguns projetos estão sendo desenvolvidos em parceria com mais de uma instituição conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1p">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1p">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Propostas selecionadas no Edital MEC N<sup>o</sup> 03/2015 - BRICS</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">IES PROPONENTE</th>
									<th align="center">IES ASSOCIADA</th>
									<th align="center">PPG</th>
									<th align="left">TÍTULO DA PROPOSTA</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">ÁREA: Ciências da Computação e Segurança da Informação </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFMG</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Ciências da Computação</td>
									<td align="left">Cyber-Physical Systems for a Massively Connected Society.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFRGS</td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center">Computação</td>
									<td align="justify">Joint Graduate Program in Cyber Security: Bridging the Cyber and Physical Worlds Through Smart and Secure Management. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">ÁREA: Ecologia e Mudanças Climáticas </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">INPA</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Biologia (Ecologia)</td>
									<td align="left">INPA's proposal for the BRICS 2015.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFF</td>
									<td align="center">USP</td>
									<td align="center">Geoquímica</td>
									<td align="justify">UFF-USP South American Climate Change: from the past to the future. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">ÁREA: Economia </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFMG</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Economia</td>
									<td align="left">Comparative Development: Emergent Issues in BRICS Countries. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UNICAMP</td>
									<td align="center">UFRJ </td>
									<td align="center">Ciências Econômicas</td>
									<td align="justify">BRICS: Economy Challenges for a Horizontal and Sustainable Alliance.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">ÁREA: Energia </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFSC</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Engenharia Mecânica</td>
									<td align="left">Network University Graduate Program in Energy Engineering. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFV</td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center">Engenharia Agrícola</td>
									<td align="justify">Contribution of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa for the BRICS Network University. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">ÁREA: Estudos dos BRICS </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UNICAMP</td>
									<td align="center">UFRJ/UFRGS</td>
									<td align="center">Sociologia</td>
									<td align="left">BRICS Sociology: Development, Inequality and Dialogue.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PUC/Rio</td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center">Relações Internacionais</td>
									<td align="justify">BRICS Policy Center.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">ÁREA: Recursos hídricos e tratamentos da população </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFMG</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="left">Water Resources, Sanitation and Environment Management: research, education and innovation in the BRICS economies.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">UFRJ</td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Water resources and environmental studies. </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1p">
								<p>Fonte: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">MEC/Capes, 2016 </xref>(elaboração dos autores).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A UFMG, com um total de três projetos, foi a universidade com o maior número de projetos aprovados, seguida da Unicamp com dois projetos e das demais IES com um único projeto cada. Com a mudança de governo, no ano de 2016, o financiamento brasileiro da BRICS NU permaneceu restrito a esse edital, até a presente data (novembro 2019). Após o primeiro repasse de recursos aos líderes dos respectivos projetos, não houve novos repasses, o que dificultou a implementação das propostas e o cumprimento de metas previstas. Mais ainda, a CAPES nunca conseguiu responder aos questionamentos sobre a estruturação e financiamento dos novos programas de pós-graduação a serem propostos.</p>
				<p>Tomando as metas de curto prazo da BRICS NU - que consistem em fomentar a colaboração acadêmica entre universidades dos cinco países por meio de pesquisas conjuntas e da mobilidade de estudantes e acadêmicos -, podemos considerar que avanços significativos já foram alcançados, sobretudo a partir de atividades realizadas no âmbito dos grupos temáticos internacionais (<italic>International Thematic Groups</italic>) conforme relatórios disponibilizados pelas universidades integrantes da rede. Essas atividades contemplam, entre outras, a participação de pesquisadores e estudantes brasileiros nos encontros presenciais da rede, em atividades conjuntas de pesquisa, cursos à distância e missões de intercâmbio<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Em solo brasileiro, destacamos a realização do <italic>BRICS Network University Meeting</italic>, organizado pelo eixo Economia da Universidade de Campinas entre os dias 5 a 9 de agosto de 2019. Ao longo do encontro ocorreram reuniões administrativas da área de Economia da BRICS NU, um Seminário de Pesquisa do <italic>International Group on Economics</italic> e uma Escola de Inverno para estudantes, que contou não só com estudantes dos cinco países do bloco, mas também de outras nações, como Alemanha, Áustria, Estados Unidos, Guatemala, Colômbia, Irã e Tajiquistão<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Em relação ao eixo ‘Estudos dos BRICS’ da Unicamp e das universidades associadas, UFRGS e UFRJ, destacamos a oferta de cursos <italic>on-line</italic> em inglês com contribuições internacionais. Também houve a produção de obras coletivas organizadas em conjunto com a Academia Chinesa de Ciências Sociais (CASS) e outros parceiros: ‘<italic>Handbook of Social Stratification in the BRIC Countries</italic>’ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">LI; GORSHKOV; SCALON; SHARMA, 2013</xref>) e ‘<italic>Handbook of the Sociology of Youth in BRICS Countries</italic>’ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">DWYER; GORSHKOV; MODI; LI; MAPADIMENG, 2018</xref>), que vêm sendo utilizadas em diversas disciplinas oferecidas em universidades associadas à BRICS NU. Esses dois importantes manuais de sociologia têm muito a ensinar, e aqui destacamos um elemento digno de nota: é possível alcançar uma compreensão sociológica de nossos parceiros sem ter que dedicar anos de estudos especializados sobre cada sociedade. Peilin Li escreve na introdução ao livro do qual foi editor geral: </p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>analisar as mudanças na estrutura de estratificação social dos países do BRIC é uma perspectiva sociológica especial (...) (que) nos ajudará a desvendar o mistério de como essas potências emergentes, com diferenças tão dramáticas na história, geografia, cultura, língua, religião etc., puderam, em algumas instâncias, compartilhar uma vontade comum e adotar ações conjuntas” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">LI <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>, p. xxiv-xxv). </p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Essa observação aponta, em primeiro lugar, os desafios de governança comuns aos países de grandes dimensões territoriais e populacionais, postulados há muito tempo por Montesquieu em <italic>L'esprit des lois</italic>. Os dois livros mostram que o desenvolvimento desses países não segue a teoria da modernização. Dessa forma, revelam dinâmicas sociais comuns entre alguns deles e que nem sempre estão sujeitas à reflexão no Ocidente. No âmbito do eixo Estudos dos BRICS, embora com financiamento distinto, também registramos a inauguração do Centro CASS-Unicamp de Estudos sobre a China, em maio de 2019. A Chinese Academy of Social Sciences - CASS é a mais importante instituição de pesquisa em ciências sociais e humanidades da China. A Unicamp é a primeira universidade latino-americana a contar com um Centro da CASS, que tem como propósito refletir sobre as oportunidades e desafios que a ascensão do país asiático apresenta para o Brasil, promover a colaboração entre pesquisadores e o intercâmbio entre estudantes brasileiros e chineses<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn32"><sup>32</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Já as metas de médio prazo, que objetivam a criação de programas conjuntos de pós-graduação com a emissão de diplomas válidos para os cinco países, pouco avançaram. Serão necessários não só investimentos financeiros para que possam ser alcançadas, mas também acordos específicos que viabilizem o reconhecimento dos diplomas de pós-graduação emitidos por esses programas. Como apontado no artigo, entraves nos órgãos públicos responsáveis pela regulação da educação superior no Brasil impediram o avanço do diálogo acadêmico entre o Brasil e os outros países do BRICS no contexto da BRICS NU. Em relação às metas de longo prazo - melhorar o desenvolvimento científico de acordo com as necessidades dos países não centrais com vistas a oferecer uma contribuição para “remodelar o conhecimento do mundo<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn33"><sup>33</sup></xref>” - o Brasil - na atual conjuntura política e econômica marcada por cortes drásticos dos recursos às universidades públicas e aos órgãos de fomento à pesquisa - encontra-se diante de uma tarefa de difícil alcance. Apenas China e Rússia parecem estar mais adiantadas na implementação dessa meta. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Considerações finais</title>
				<p>Buscamos demonstrar ao longo do artigo que, para se apresentarem como uma alternativa sustentável, os países do BRICS precisam certamente criar uma área educacional comum. Projetos educacionais conjuntos serão capazes de trazer a dimensão normativa ao bloco do BRICS, que é altamente pragmático. Nesse sentido, é racional que os países do bloco participem de vários projetos de excelência, visando sua melhor integração ao mundo acadêmico global, e participem, também, da cooperação horizontal Sul-Sul. A primeira é organizada de acordo com as principais linhas da atual revolução acadêmica neoliberal, enquanto a segunda busca oferecer alternativas ao regime de poder existente na educação superior internacional. Participar ativamente de projetos horizontais constitui, indiscutivelmente, grande interesse das instituições de educação superior do BRICS. A BRICS NU oferece exemplos, ainda em forma embrionária, de como esses projetos podem ser implementados. Os passos iniciais mal foram dados, e ainda há muito a ser feito.</p>
				<p>Contudo, considerando o fato de que a institucionalização do BRIC só começou em 2009 e a África do Sul só foi incorporada em 2011 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">STUENKEL, 2015</xref>), podemos considerar que essa criança já deu importantes passos no que diz respeito à cooperação Sul-Sul entre universidades. Um dos autores deste artigo publicou um trabalho em 2017, em forma de balanço, onde conclui:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>(...) quando fui a Pequim em 2010, vi a ideia de um futuro para o BRICS como uma hipótese. Nos últimos anos, tenho trabalhado para promover o reconhecimento mútuo, especialmente entre os sociólogos dos países do BRICS. Observei que os diálogos funcionam melhor quando são pautados pela amizade e pelas relações bilaterais. À época, jamais imaginei que líderes de governo, diplomatas e sociólogos pudessem ir tão longe. A vida é feita de apostas. Minha aposta, agora, é a de que o projeto possa funcionar. Pessoalmente, quero adotar uma perspectiva reflexiva em minha pesquisa sobre a construção das relações bilaterais Brasil-China. Se esses resultados ajudarem a pensar o BRICS - o que deve andar e o que precisa andar - eu ficaria muito feliz, mas, como lembrado por Cristovam Buarque (2017), ... o BRICS deve ser uma fonte de inspiração (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">DWYER, 2017</xref>, p. 105). </p>
				</disp-quote>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<title>Notas</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn18">
					<label>18</label>
					<p>Neste artigo não discutiremos o funcionamento e organização da educação superior nos países BRICS. Sobre este assunto, cf. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carnoy, Dobryakova, Dossani, Kuhns e Wang (2013) </xref>e Schwartzmann, Pinheiro e Pillay (2015).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn19">
					<label>19</label>
					<p>Ver, entre outros: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Qingnian, Duanhong e Hong, (2011)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ying (2011)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Peters e Besley (2018)</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn20">
					<label>20</label>
					<p>Ver entre outros: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sidorenko e Gorbatova (2015)</xref>; Khomyakov (2016).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn21">
					<label>21</label>
					<p>Para uma análise dos novos sentidos que as universidades nos países BRICS podem atribuir às noções de “excelência” e “universidade de classe mundial”, ver este interessante artigo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">David e Motala (2017)</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn22">
					<label>22</label>
					<p>Nesse aspecto, e com base neste conceito, uma pesquisa vem sendo desenvolvida no Centro de Estudos dos BRICS, na Universidade de Fudan (Shanghai, China).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn23">
					<label>23</label>
					<p>Sobre esse assunto, veja também <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Center for BRICS Studies (2015)</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn24">
					<label>24</label>
					<p>Esses esforços, denominados por Stunkel (2015) como o mundo oculto da cooperação intra-BRICS vêm sendo realizados em diferentes áreas e temas. Para maiores detalhes, cf. a lista com os temas das reuniões e a frequência com que as mesmas foram realizadas em Stunkel (2015, cap. 5).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn25">
					<label>25</label>
					<p>https://nu-brics.ru</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn26">
					<label>26</label>
					<p>Além da BRICS NU, iniciativa encabeçada pela Rússia, também foram assinados acordos para a criação da Liga de Universidades do BRICS, sendo esta última liderada pela China. Contudo, até a presente data a Liga pouco avançou se comparada a BRICS NU (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">YUYUN, 2018</xref>).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn27">
					<label>27</label>
					<p>Em 2019 a reunião da BRICS NU não ocorreu conforme prometida. Porém, houve algumas outras reuniões ligadas a educação superior: o Fórum Acadêmico do BRICS, organizado pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e Aplicadas (Ipea) em setembro e o III BRICS Seminário sobre Governança organizado pela FGV-Rio em outubro.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn28">
					<label>28</label>
					<p>Como critério de excelência definiu-se incluir Programas de Pós-Graduação com nota 6 e 7 de acordo com a avaliação Capes, MEC.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn29">
					<label>29</label>
					<p>O edital foi lançado durante o Seminário Internacional &quot;Repensando a Universidade Comparativamente entre países: Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China&quot;. Para maiores informações cf. &lt;https://www.capes.gov.br/todas-noticias/7759-edital-para-a-consolidacao-da-universidade-em-rede-do-brics-e-lancado-durante-seminario&gt;.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn30">
					<label>30</label>
					<p>Para maiores informações cf. &lt;https://nu-brics.ru/itg&gt;.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn31">
					<label>31</label>
					<p>Cf.: &lt; https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/noticias/2019/08/09/unicamp-sedia-atividades-do-brics-nu&gt; e &lt;https://we.hse.ru/en/brics/&gt;.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn32">
					<label>32</label>
					<p>Para mais informações ver matéria sobre a inauguração do Centro CASS-Unicamp em: &lt;https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/index.php/noticias/2019/05/10/unicamp-inaugura-centro-da-cass-academia-chinesa-de-ciencias-sociais&gt;.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn33">
					<label>33</label>
					<p>Ver &lt;https://www.eco.unicamp.br/eventos/annual-meeting-of-the-brics-network-university-economics&gt;.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>