Microbiota do solo: a diversidade invisível e a sua importância
Resumo
Micro-organismos estão presentes em todos os lugares da Terra que suportam vida. Os solos apresentam maior quantidade e diversidade bacteriana do que a água ou o ar, devido a sua heterogeneidade de substratos. Estima-se que há um milhão de espécies de bactérias em 30 gramas de solos florestais e que haverá pelo menos um bilhão de espécies em todo o mundo. Apesar de constituírem somente de 1 a 4% do carbono total e ocuparem menos de 5% do espaço poroso do solo, a diversidade e a quantidade de micro-organismos nesse ambiente é bastante elevada. Entretanto, como o solo é normalmente um ambiente estressante, limitado por nutrientes, somente 15 a 30% das bactérias e 10% dos fungos se encontram em estado ativo. Os componentes microbianos vivos do solo são também denominados de biomassa microbiana e as bactérias e fungos respondem por cerca de 90% da atividade microbiana do solo. A diversidade microbiana se encontra diretamente relacionada com um conjunto de fatores abióticos (atmosfera, temperatura, água, pH, potencial redox, fontes nutricionais, entre outros) e bióticos (genética microbiana, a interação entre os micro-organismos, entre outros), que permite o desenvolvimento microbiano e a estruturação da comunidade viva dos solos. A interação entre esses fatores influencia diretamente a ecologia, a atividade e a dinâmica populacional de micro-organismos no solo. Muitas transformações críticas dos principais ciclos biogeoquímicos da biosfera ocorrem nos solos e são facilitadas pelos organismos que nele vivem. Apesar da importância de todos os micro-organismos que compõem a microbiota dos solos, esse trabalho tratará mais detalhadamente da comunidade bacteriana desse ambiente e o seu papel no desenvolvimento das plantas e nos ciclos biogeoquímicos. Além disso, esse trabalho aborda os principais métodos de análise de comunidades bacterianas dos solos mais utilizados atualmente.
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