TY - JOUR AU - Clemente, Saruanna Millena dos Santos AU - Lúcio, Érica Chaves AU - Barros, Mércia Rodrigues AU - Vilela, Sineide Maria de Oliveira AU - Pinheiro Júnior, José Wilton PY - 2021/01/01 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Virulence Genes and Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated in Meat Meal Samples JF - Acta Scientiae Veterinariae JA - Acta Scientiae Vet. VL - 49 IS - 0 SE - DO - 10.22456/1679-9216.114233 UR - https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/ActaScientiaeVeterinariae/article/view/114233 SP - AB - <p><em><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Background</span><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">:</span></strong></em><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">Fee</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">d is the main route of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and is responsible for a large part of the cost of poultry production, so the inclusion of alternative foods in diets for </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140251100 BCX0">monogastrics</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0"> has been a constant. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">Among alternative foods most used in modern poultry farming are animal meal</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">, however, when contaminated they constitute a route of transmission of several pathogenic agents, including </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Escherichia coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">. In addition, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">there is a zoonotic potential, as poultry products are intended for human consumption. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0">The objective of this research was to detect virulence genes, as well as to evaluate the resistance profile of </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Escherichia coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW140251100 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> isolates from meat meal samples. </span><span class="EOP SCXW140251100 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}"> </span></p><p><em><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Materials, Methods &amp; Results</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">:</span></strong></em><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">A total of 40 </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Escherichia coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> isolates</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> were analyzed</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">and </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">the virulence genes surveyed </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">iss</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">ompT</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">hlyF</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">iutA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">, and </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">fimA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial agents tested were: amoxycillin (30</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), ceftiofur (30</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), ciprofloxacin (5</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), doxycycline (30</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), florfenicol (30</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">fosfomycin</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> (200</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), gentamicin (10</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g), norfloxacin (10</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">g) and oxacillin (1</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="auto">μ</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">g). It was possible to observe the occurrence of the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">iss</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> resistance gene in 100% of </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Escherichia coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> isolates, followed by </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">hlyF</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> (85</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">%</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">), </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">fimA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> (75%), </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">ompT</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> (17.5%) and </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">iutA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> (5%). Regarding the simultaneous detection for the genes, a greater association between the genes </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">iss</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">hlyF</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> and </span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">fimA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> (60%) was verified. All isolates showed resistance to oxacillin (100%), followed by doxycycline (25%), amoxicillin (22.5%), norfloxacin (17.5%), ceftiofur (15%), florfenicol (12.5%), </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW57942999 BCX0">fosfomycin</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0"> (12.5%), ciprofloxacin (10%) and gentamycin (2.5%). </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW57942999 BCX0">In this study, a variation of the multiple antimicrobial resistance index (IRMA) was observed between 0.22 and 0.77.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW57942999 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}"> </span></p><p><em><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Discussion:</span></strong></em><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0">The indiscriminate use of</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">of</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> antimicrobials as performance enhancers in production animals, may have contributed to the increase in antimicrobial resistance, with the occurrence of </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">multiresistant</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Escherichia coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> carrying virulence genes. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0">Virulence genes present in </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">Escherichia coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> isolates are studied to understand the degree of influence they exert in the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0">establishment of the disease, one of the most researched genes is the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">iss</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> gene, involved in the processes that promote serum resistance. In this study, </span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">iss</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> (100%) was present in all the isolates analyzed, although it is not the only mechanism used by these bacteria to reach internal organs and trigger an infection, this gene encodes an important mechanism associated with high levels of virulence. The second highest prevalence found was of the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">hlyF</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> gene (85%), the high prevalence of </span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">hlyF</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">suggests virulence potential, involved with the production of hemolysin and improvement of outer membrane vesicles associated with the release of toxins. The </span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">fimA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> gene (75%) was detected in a slightly lower percentage when compared to </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">iss</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> and </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">hlyF</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0">. With the second lowest prevalence, the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">ompT</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"> gene (17.5%), is involved in a process that includes the proteolytic degradation of antimicrobial peptides and with the lowest prevalence the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">iutA</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> gene (5%). Certain combinations of virulence genes make the strains easier to survive, adhere to, colonize and even the ability to develop septicemic conditions. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">Multiresistant</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto">E. coli</span><span class="TextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> strains, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0">is</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> a fact of concern for both animal and human health, since the presence of </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW140517880 BCX0">multiresistant</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> strains, originating from poultry, can be transmitted from chicken carcasses.</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW140517880 BCX0">In this sense, the importance of sanitary control of the inputs used in animal feed is emphasized, as well as the prudent use of antimicrobials in animal production, with a view to producing a safe food, minimizing not only the economic losses, but also the risks to human health.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW140517880 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}"> </span></p><p><span class="EOP SCXW140517880 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}"><em><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0">Key</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0">words:</span></span></strong></em><span class="TextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0"> antimicrobial, bacterial resistance, colibacillosis</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0">, poultry</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258245819 BCX0">.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW258245819 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}"> </span></span></p> ER -