Effect of Parenteral Vaccination of Newborn Holstein Calves against Viral Agents Involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.103174Abstract
Background: Newborn calves are born immunosuppressed, hypogammaglobulinemic, immunologically immature, and therefore more vulnerable to many infectious diseases. During pregnancy, the fetal-placental environment is regulated by Th2-type cytokines that neutralize Th1 responses, an important factor for immune defense against viral agents. The ingestion and absorption of colostral immunoglobulins enhance the immunity of the neonate. However, the presence of maternal antibodies might negatively affect the success of parental vaccination in the first two months of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effecacy of parenteral vaccination in newborn calves with high titers of maternal antibodies against respiratory viruses.
Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Holstein calves were allocated to the vaccinated group (VAC, n = 18) or an unvaccinated control group (NVAC, n = 10). The initial vaccination with 5 mL of a commercial vaccine occurred around the 14th day of life (D14) and the booster at D35. Respiratory and diarrhea symptoms were evaluated at D12, D14, D16, D20, D31, D36, D45, D53, and D60. Blood samples were taken for leukogram, haptoglobin, and seroneutralization of BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV, and BPI3V, at the time of vaccination at D14 (T1), at booster (D35, T2), and 21 days after the booster (D56, T3). Despite the increased prevalence of BRD during the period of the study, no calves from either group exhibited respiratory disease at D12 or D14. In subsequent assessments, the frequency of BRD increased over time in the VAC group until it reached a maximum prevalence of 38.9% (7/18) at D31. In the NVAC group, the maximum prevalence observed was 40% at D45 and D60. A comparison of the frequencies for BRD cases showed a statistical trend at D36 (P = 0.07), with a higher prevalence for the NVAC group (30%) in relation to the VAC group (5.6%). For the NVAC group, a greater number of total leukocytes was observed at T3 (P = 0.038) and granulocytes (trend) at T2 (P = 0.066). Time analysis demonstrated a decrease in haptoglobin concentration in both groups (NVAC, P = 0.005 and VAC, P = 0.006), with a reduction in the values at T1 and T3 (NVAC = 0.005 and VAC = 0.024). Antibody titers were similar between groups for BVDV, BoHV-1, and BRSV. Higher titers for BPI3V were observed for the VAC group at D56 (P = 0.045).
Discussion: The early-onset BRD was present in both groups between 30 and 60 days of age, based on the higher prevalence observed. These data reinforce the importance of early immunization programmes before infection. Factors such as management practices and facilities may have also contributed to the higher prevalence of BRD. The increased number of leukocytes and neutrophils at T2 (D35) and T3 (D56) in the NVAC group points to a stronger inflammatory response to various types of potential challenges. The inflammatory leukocyte profile explains the higher haptoglobin values observed in the NVAC group at T2 (D35). The similarity of titers of antibodies against BVDV, BoHV-1, and BRSV between groups may indicate that vaccinating the calves at 14 days of age did not induce a humoral immune response to these viruses, likely due to interference from the maternal antibodies. Early vaccination prevented a drop in specific viral antibodies and promoted partial protection for vaccinated calves around 14 days of age, with a decrease in the intensity of the inflammatory response at the peak of the disease and a higher concentration of antibodies against BPI3V after the booster.
Downloads
References
Anziliero D., Martins M., Weiss M., Monteiro F.L., Ataide C.F., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2015. Resposta sorológica aos herpesvírus bovino tipos 1 e 5 e vírus da diarreia viral bovina induzida por vacinas comerciais. Ciencia Rural. 45(1): 58-63.
Beacock-Sharp H., Donachie A.M., Robson N.C. & Mowat A.M. 2003. A role for dendritic cells in the priming of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes by immune-stimulating complexes in vivo. International Immunology. 15(6): 711-720.
Brasil. 2017. Lista de produtos registrados, lista cronológica de análise de registro inicial e atos da CPV, 2017. Disponível em: < http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-pecuarios/produtos-veterinarios/arquivos-comunicacoes-e-instrucoes-tecnicas/lista-de-produtos-registrados-lista-cronologica-de-analise-de-registro-inicial-e-atos-da-cpv.xlsx>. [Accessed online in November 2019].
Brun-Hansen H.C., Kampen A.H. & Lund A. 2006. Hematologic values in calves during the first 6 months of life. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 35(2): 182-187.
Chase C.C.L., Hurley D.J. & Reber A.J. 2008. Neonatal immune development in the calf and its impact on vaccine response. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice. 24(1): 87-104.
Ellis J., West K., Cortese V. & Weigel D. 2001. Effect of maternal antibodies on induction and persistence of vaccine-induced immune responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in young calves. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 219(3): 351-356.
Endsley J. J., Roth J.A., Ridpath J. & Neill J. 2003. Maternal antibody blocks humoral but not T cell responses to BVDV. Biologicals. 31(2): 123-125.
Fulton R.W., Briggs R.E., Payton M.E., Confer A.W., Saliki J.T., Ridpath J.F., Burge L.J. & Duff G.C. 2004. Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and effect on response to vaccination. Vaccine. 22(5): 643-649.
Godden S.M., Lombard J.E. & Woolums A.R. 2019. Colostrum management for dairy calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice. 35(3): 535-556.
Guzman E. & Taylor G. 2015. Immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in calves. Molecular Immunology. 66(1): 48-56.
Jones G.E. & Mould D.L. 1984. Adaptation of the guaiacol (peroxidase) test for haptoglobins to a microtitration plate system. Research in Veterinay Science. 37(1): 87-92.
Lima M.D., Vogel F.S.F., Flores E.F. & Weiblen R. 2005. Anticorpos neutralizantes contra o vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV): comparação entre um imunógeno experimental atenuado e três vacinas comerciais inativadas. Ciência Rural. 35(1): 230-234.
Medrano-Galarza C., LeBlanc S.J., Jones-Bitton A., DeVries T.J., Rushen J., Marie de Passillé A., Endres M.I. & Haley D.B. 2018. Associations between management practices and within-pen prevalence of calf diarrhea and respiratory disease on dairy farms using automated milk feeders. Journal of Dairy Science. 101(3): 2293-2308.
Morita L.M. 2020. Development of innate immune response in healthy Holstein calves from birth until weaning. 73f. São Paulo, SP. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo.
Novo S.M.F., Costa J.F.R., Baccili C.C., Sobreira N.M., Silva B.T., Oliveira P.L., Hurley D.J. & Gomes V. 2017. Effect of maternal cells transferred with colostrum on the health of neonate calves. Research in Veterinary Science. 112: 97-104.
OIE. 2016. Manual of diagnostics tests and vacines for terrestrial animals. Disponível em: [Accessed online in March 2014].
Platt R., Widel P.W., Kesl L.D. & Roth J.A. 2009. Comparison of humoral and cellular immune responses to a pentavalent modified live virus vaccine in three age groups of calves with maternal antibodies, before and after BVDV type 2 challenge. Vaccine. 27(33): 4508-4519.
Poulsen K.P. & McGuirk S.M. 2009. Respiratory disease of the bovine neonate. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice. 25(1): 121-137.
Roland L., Drillich M., Klein-Jöbstl D. & Iwersen M. 2016. Invited review: influence of climatic conditions on the development, performance, and health of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 99(4): 2438-2452.
Silva B.T., Baccili C.C., Henklein A., Oliveira P.L., Oliveira S.M.F.N., Sobreira N.M., Ribeiro C.P. & Gomes V. 2018. Transferência de imunidade passiva (TIP) e dinâmica de anticorpos específicos em bezerros naturalmente expostos para as viroses respiratórias. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 70(5): 1414-1422.
Van der Sluijs M.T., Kuhn E.M. & Makoschey B. 2010. A single vaccination with an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine primes the cellular immune response in calves with maternal antibody. BMC Veterinary Research. 6(1): 2-7.
Windeyer M.C. & Gamsjäger L. 2019. Vaccinating calves in the face of maternal antibodies: challenges and opportunities. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice. 35(3): 557-573.
Windeyer M.C., Leslie K. E., Godden S.M., Hodgins D.C., Lissemore K.D. & LeBlanc S.J. 2014. Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and growth of dairy heifer calves up to 3 months of age. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 113(2): 231-240.
Windeyer M.C., Leslie K.E., Godden S.M., Hodgins D.C., Lissemore K.D. & LeBlanc S.J. 2015. Association of bovine respiratory disease or vaccination with serologic response in dairy heifer calves up to three months of age. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 76(3): 239-245.
Woolums A.R., Berghaus R.D., Berghaus L.J., Ellis R.W., Pence M.E., Saliki J.T., Hurley K.A., Galland K.L., Burdett W.W., Nordstrom S.T. & Hurley D.J. 2013. Effect of calf age and administration route of initial multivalent modified-live virus vaccine on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following subsequent administration of a booster vaccination at weaning in beef calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 74(2): 343-354.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This journal provides open access to all of its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Such access is associated with increased readership and increased citation of an author's work. For more information on this approach, see the Public Knowledge Project and Directory of Open Access Journals.
We define open access journals as journals that use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access. From the BOAI definition of "open access" we take the right of users to "read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles" as mandatory for a journal to be included in the directory.
La Red y Portal Iberoamericano de Revistas Científicas de Veterinaria de Libre Acceso reúne a las principales publicaciones científicas editadas en España, Portugal, Latino América y otros países del ámbito latino