POLISH PUBLICATIONS ON JUJUTSU (1906- 2020): BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

The aim was to perform a bibliometric analysis of Polish jujutsu publications focused on productivity, topics, and collaboration. Thus, the National Library of Poland, Polish Scientific Journals Database, Web of Science and Scopus were consulted. Results were filtered and exported to Excel 2016 for statistical analysis. 123 Polish jujutsu documents were published from 1906 to 2020. Life Sciences had the highest representation, while collaboration predominated during the last decade. Cynarski was the most productive author, while Wojdat achieved the highest collaboration index. Ido Movement for Culture was the main source for disseminating these publications. In conclusion, technical books written by single authors from a Life Sciences approach prevailed in Polish jujutsu publications during the 20th century, while scientific articles written in collaboration and also representing other approaches have prevailed in the 21st century.


INTRODUCTION
The General Theory of Fighting Arts (GTFA) (CYNARSKI, 2019) was adopted as the scientific framework, considering "Fighting arts" a collective term for various martial arts, combat sports, combat systems, self-defence systems, fencing, handto-hand combat, etc. In this way, from the perspective of the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts and GTFA, martial arts were defined as a historic category of flawless methods of unarmed combat fighting and the use of weapons, combined with spiritual elements (both personal development and in the transcendental sphere) (CYNARSKI, 2004;SKOWRON, 2014). Despite the term jujitsu is commonly used in scientific literature (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ; GUTIÉRREZ-GARCÍA; ESCOBAR-MOLINA, 2011), different spellings are used and accepted for jujutsu (CYNARSKI, 2000). There also appear inconsistencies within the same publication, using jujitsu in the title and jujutsu when giving examples of methods (CRAIG, 1995). However, the spelling jujutsu is the proper transcription from Japanese, literally meaning art of flexibility (GREEN; SVINTH, 2010) but, according to GTFA, it relates to: "1) martial arts performing the principle of 'jū'; 2) Japanese hand-to-hand martial arts; 3) in generalrelated methods of self-defence (goshinjutsu); 4) "sports" jūjutsu, combined with judo, karate or kick-boxing" (CYNARSKI; SKOWRON, 2014, p. 20).
The history of jujutsu in Poland dates back to 1904 with the publication of the first information about it in Poland in the Polish language. In this year, three books and one article including information about jujutsu were published. Books titled Japan and the Japanese (OKSZYC, 1904), The Contemporary Japan (WEULERSSE, 1904), and Bushido-the Soul of Japan (NITOBE, 1904), as well as an article titled The Physical Education in Japan published in three different journals (PIASECKI, 1904a(PIASECKI, , 1904b(PIASECKI, , 1904c, presented this martial art to Poles, triggering their interest about it. This turning point was celebrated in 2004 with the development of the Historical Convention of Polish Jujutsu Masters, which included a training seminar and scientific conference for commemorating 100 years of jujutsu history in Poland (CYNARSKI, 2007).
Most of the books published in Poland before World War II showed jujutsu in a form reduced to a set of self-defence techniques, mainly used in training the police and the army among others. The more famous instructors and specialists from that period include Laskowski, Sikorski, Jeziorowski and Pawełek, as well as the Japanese inspector Kuwashima (GRZEGORZ; WALENDOWICZ, 2008). However, one of the first promoters of jujutsu in Poland was a sports activist, Zygmunt Kłośnik, who published a jujutsu book in two different editions (HANCOCK; KŁOŚNIK, 1907KŁOŚNIK, , 1909 presenting it as a form of physical culture, not just a set of self-defence techniques, broadening its approaches. After World War II and up to 1989, a strictly utilitarian approach was dominant, involving the use of jujutsu techniques primarily for self-defence situations. Publications presenting this application of jujutsu techniques were often called differently as judo, self-defence, defensive tricks, etc. (CYNARSKI, 2008). During this period, Dr. Kondratowicz organized from 1974 to 1984 a youth "self-defence jiu-jitsu" section in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki. From that time onwards, the institutionalization and organizational development of jujutsu in Poland gradually followed. In 1985, 03 the National Council of Jujutsu Martial Arts Instructors was established. In 1990, the Polish JuJitsu Federation in Kraków and the Polish Jujutsu Academy in Zielona Góra were registered. In 1993, Idokan Poland Association in Rzeszow, the Polish Jujutsu Association in Katowice, and the Polish Jujutsu Organisation in Jaworzno were created. In addition, the International Modern Ju-Jitsu Federation was registered in Głogów in 1996 (CYNARSKI;BAJOREK, 2011;SIEKANSKI, 2019).
The study of martial arts and combat sports publications has been developed in different countries by means of bibliometric, bibliographic or content analysis. In Spain, Pérez-Gutiérrez and Gutiérrez-García (2009) carried out a bibliometric analysis of the martial arts and combat sports monographs published from 1906 to 2006; Gutiérrez-García and Pérez-Gutiérrez (2009a) described the features and contents of the earliest books on martial arts published in Spanish; and Gutiérrez-García and Pérez-Gutiérrez (2009b) analyzed the doctoral theses, scientific books and articles in martial arts published from 1990 to 2008. In Czech Republic, Čihounková and Reguli (2011) performed a bibliometric analysis of karate books, while Vit and Reguli (2011) described the Czech books focused on combatives and self-defence from 1873 to 2009. In Poland, Cynarski (2001) presented a general critical analysis of both scientific and popular publications on martial arts, which also applies to jujutsu. Later, he evaluated the literature on jujutsu and self-defence in the Polish People's Republic (years 1945-1989) (CYNARSKI, 2008). Moreover, other Polish reviews and discussions of combat sports literature were concerned with fencing, describing the fencing bibliography in 19 th and 20 th century (SZAJNA, 2007) and scholarly studies on fencing during the 21 st century (LUCZAK, 2015). Thus, the aim of the present study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of Polish jujutsu publications focused on the aspects of productivity, topics and collaboration. Therefore, an overview of the evolution of these publications, their type of document, character, field of science and authorship's features, as well as the collaboration patterns of their authors and the main sources used for publishing them is presented.

METHOD
Polish documents focused on jujutsu and published until 2020 were included in the present study. Thus, documents written by Polish authors or publish by Polish journals and publishers were collected. Regarding document type, articles, books and book chapters were only considered. These documents should be focused on jujutsu as their main topic.

Data retrieval
The National Library of Poland, the Polish Scientific Journals Database as well as the main international databases such as Web of Science and Scopus were consulted for data mining, following a similar methodology used by Pérez-Gutiérrez and Gutiérrez-García (2011) for the preparation of an Asian martial arts monographs bibliography. The recommendations of Pérez-Gutiérrez, Gutiérrez-Garcia and Escobar-Molina (2011) were also attended for introducing manually the different terms and spellings (jujitsu, jujutsu, jiu jitsu, ju jitsu, ju jutsu) referring to jujutsu. Obtained results were individually analysed to determine their relevance and then included in Excel 2016 for statistical analysis.

Data analysis
Data analysis was focused on the bibliometric analysis of productivity, topics and collaboration (LÓPEZ LÓPEZ, 1996). Regarding productivity, documents were distributed by decade, type of document, journal/publisher, as well as their character as scientific or technical. In relation to topics, documents were classified by their field of science and technology following the UNESCO nomenclature (SIMPLE KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION SYSTEM, 2021) and distributed by decade.
Relating to collaboration patterns, single-authored documents (SA), multiauthored documents (MA), mean of authors per document and percentage of collaboration (%C) were calculated and distributed per decade. Percentage of collaboration (%C) was calculated using the formula given by Valenciano Valcárcel et al. (2010), being %C = MA/MA+SA. The number of documents, signatures, collaborators and collaboration index were calculated for those authors with more than three documents, also including their current institutional affiliation. Collaboration index was calculated as the ratio of signatures to documents.

05
From the 24 fields of science and technology declared by UNESCO, Polish jujutsu documents were just approached from six of them, but principally from Life Sciences. On the contrary, Pedagogy was only represented in two documents (Table  2).  1910-1919 1920-1929 2 1930-1939 2 1940-1949 2 1950-1959 1 1960-1969 8 1970-1979 1980-1989 3 1990-1999  As shown in Table 3, the amount of single-and multi-authored documents showed an irregular development along time. However, there was an increase in the number of multi-authored articles, the mean of authors per article and the percentage of collaboration during the last three decades. The collaboration patterns exhibited by the most productive authors are shown in Table 4. Cynarski was the most productive scholar, who also achieved the highest number of signatures (46) and the most extensive collaboration network with 17 collaborators. On the contrary, Wojdat (5.25) achieved the highest collaboration index publishing only four documents. A research group about jujutsu is located in the University School of Physical Education in Krakow, since two authors were affiliated to this institution. Finally, 60 sources were found for disseminating Polish publications on jujutsu (Table 5). However, two journals, Ido Movement for Culture and Archives of Budo, collected 26.45% of total publications. Within the top five sources list also appeared two publishers such as Sport i Turystyka and Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sports, as well as the journal titled Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports.

4 DISCUSSION
The total amount of Polish documents focused on jujutsu was 123. The dissemination of knowledge about jujutsu started in 1906, with the publication of the book written by Shozo Kuwashima, the Japanese inspector in Poland, titled "Jiu-Jitsu: japońska metoda walki zapaśniczej". Although articles were the main type of documents for studying jujutsu (Table 1), until 1980s there was a predominance of technical books focused on presenting the progressive learning of their several techniques (HAESENDONCK; WOJCIECHOWSKI, 1960aWOJCIECHOWSKI, , 1960bWOJCIECHOWSKI, , 1961aWOJCIECHOWSKI, , 1961bWOJCIECHOWSKI, , 1961c and their application to self-defence situations (JEZIOROWSKI; OSMOLSKI, 1923;OSAKA, 1935) Regarding the approaches shown in Polish jujutsu documents, six different fields were represented, most of them appearing during the last two decades. Life Sciences was the main field of knowledge (Table 2). Considering there are 24 fields declared by UNESCO (SIMPLE KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION SYSTEM, 2021), some gaps of knowledge and approaches are detected. Thus, scholars and academics should extend the understanding about jujutsu, incorporating knowledge from fields such as Philosophy, Ethics or Medical Sciences among others, for explaining the philosophical foundations of Polish jujutsu, reflecting about the use of jujutsu in selfdefence situations or analyzing the most common injuries associated with its practice. Furthermore, the predominance of Life Sciences has been also corroborated in other sports such as futsal ( These results should be understood within the development of Physical Education in Poland. Jujutsu before World War I was perceived as a method of body training and its utilitarian approach was peripheral. In the period between the World Wars, jujutsu was perceived in two different ways. Firstly, it was valued as a form of wrestling, focusing on its educational advantages and influence on fitness, being consistent with the development of Polish thought in the field of physical education theory (CYNARSKI, 2014). Secondly, it was appreciated due to its utilitarian virtues, being practiced in military and police circles (GRZEGORZ; WALENDOWICZ, 2008). Therefore, jujutsu publications were reflecting the social, cultural and academic development of Physical Education in Poland during that period.
After World War II, jujutsu was also taught mainly for its utilitarian values, as a form of self-defence. These results are in accordance with the situation of Physical Education. Poland was still under the political influence of the Soviet Union and Physical Education was directed towards sport/physical training, "developing an individual into a strong and physically fit "subject" able to defend his or her country" (BRONIKOWSKI, 2014, p. 371). It was only after 1989 that sports jujutsu was developed in Poland, together with the scientific research on jujutsu, reflecting the gradual institutionalization and organizational development of jujutsu in Poland (CYNARSKI; BAJOREK, 2011; CYNARSKI; SIEKANSKI, 2019).
In relation to collaboration, Table 3 showed an irregular development of singleauthored and multi-authored documents along time and a progressive increase of the percentage of collaboration and means of authors per document during the last three decades. Collaboration among authors was strongly developed during the last decade, presenting a predominance of multi-authored articles but also a mean of 3.5 authors per document and achieving a 78% of collaboration, confirming the results obtained within sport sciences in particular (WANG; THIJS; GLÄNZEL, 2015) and science in general (PRICE, 1986).

09
The collaboration patterns shown by the most productive authors (Table 4) differed substantially among them. Productivity and collaboration were not directly related, since Cynarski was the most productive author with the most extensive collaboration network (17 collaborators) but he achieved a collaboration index of 1.70. On the other hand, Wojdat achieved the highest collaboration index (5.25) with only four documents published. However, those authors affiliated to a higher education institution showed a trend to collaborative work, a typical aspect of scientific research for sharing responsibilities and improving quality (KYVIK; REYMERT, 2017). The rest of authors, Haesendonck, Kondratowicz and Wojciechowski, presented a lower number of collaborators due to they were teachers and wrote books for explaining jujutsu fundamentals, so collaboration was only necessary for translation to Polish language since Haesendonck was Belgian.
Despite the methodological differences between the present work and those studies focused on the scientific literature indexed in the Web of Science about taekwondo (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2017) and judo (PESET et al., 2013), as well as their time span finishing in 2016 and 2011 respectively, the results could be compared. The present work checked the Web of Science for retrieving scientific literature, but also other sources of information for widening data retrieval and including other document types and languages. Scopus was included due to its large and multidisciplinary coverage (GUSENBAUER; HADDAWAY, 2020), while the National Library of Poland and the Polish Scientific Journals Database were consulted for retrieving polish books and book chapters and scientific literature published in Polish, respectively. These differences have probably emphasized the role, output and collaboration patterns exhibited by Polish authors.
In the present study, Cynarski was clearly the most productive author with 27 documents, while Pieter collected 19 articles about taekwondo (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2017) and Franchini compiled 18 papers on judo (PESET et al., 2013). However, Pieter and Franchini collaborated with more authors than Cynarski, with 43 and 32 collaborators respectively, and achieved a higher collaboration index, 3.26 and 3.56, respectively. Thus, the leading role of Cynarski within Polish jujutsu documents is mainly due to the development of single-authored articles. However, the scope and methodological process of the present work emphasize the actual role and contribution of Polish authors, considering the publication of books, book chapters and articles that are not only indexed in the Web of Science. Moreover, the inclusion of technical documents increases the output of authors, but it provides a more accurate overview of the contributions of Polish authors to the understanding of jujutsu.
The physiological orientation of the papers written by Pieter (DO KIM; PIETER, 2020; DO KIM; PIETER; BERCADES, 2018) and DUNN;TAKITO, 2020;OUERGUI et al., 2020) should explain their more extensive collaboration networks since collaboration is usually higher in Life Sciences than in Social Sciences (BORDONS; GÓMEZ, 2000).
Moreover, the collaboration index within taekwondo articles ranged from 1.36 to 7.22 (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2017) while in judo literature varied between 2.71 and 7.17 (PESET et al., 2013). The collaboration index observed in Polish jujutsu documents was between 1 and 5.25, with several authors such as Słopecki, Cynarski and Sterkowicz-Przybycień obtaining an index under two. As it was mentioned before, the inclusion of books and book chapters as objects of study probably caused these scores, but a greater communication and collaboration with national and international authors should be promoted for increasing the amount and quality of papers focused on jujutsu (KYVIK; REYMERT, 2017). The establishment of a research group about jujutsu in the University School of Physical Education in Krakow (Table 4), should be understood as a way for promoting and strengthening national collaboration. This research group consisted of Ambroży and Sterkowicz-Przybycień, who have been publishing and collaborating during the last decade. These results are reflecting Polish jujutsu research is an emerging field of knowledge in comparison with other martial arts or countries, in which communication among scholars should be strengthened for increasing the amount of collaborators and extending collaboration networks, following the same way of taekwondo or judo research.
Finally, Polish jujutsu documents were principally disseminated in eight journals, collecting them almost half of total documents and confirming Bradford's law of scattering that there are a few very productive periodicals (DIODATO, 2012;SALINI, 2016). The existence of four martial arts and combat sports-oriented journals within these top sources, all of them edited or published in Poland, should be also highlighted. The interest of Polish scholars and academics on martial arts and combat sports, together with the great number of studies performed on this topic are probably the causes explaining the edition of these journals, becoming Poland the most represented country within martial arts and combat sports journals worldwide (CYNARSKI; REGULI, 2014; GUTIÉRREZ-GARCÍA et al., 2018). Regarding the social and cultural development of martial arts In Poland, jujutsu was mainly practiced and described as self-defence, judo self-defence or defensive holds until the 1970s. Even in the interwar period, there were publications pointing out to jujutsu as valuable for military training, physical education and health (PAWEŁEK, 1929). After World War II, judo was developed in military and police centers and promoted as an Olympic sport that took part in international competitions. It was only after 1970 that karate appeared in Poland, and then gradually other Asian martial arts. Since 1989, the year of systemic and political change, various types of martial arts have appeared, becoming jujutsu one of the many martial arts practiced in Poland.
Sciences of physical culture in Poland are focused on the development of sport, especially Olympic disciplines. Few studies of martial arts, including jujutsu, go beyond the biomedical approach to sport. Polish authors carry out research on jujutsu and other martial arts threading several topics, such as a description of a littleknown figure of physical culture (PIASECKI, 1904a(PIASECKI, , 1904b(PIASECKI, , 1904c, emphasizing their utilitarian and health values (HANCOCK; KŁOŚNIK, 1907KŁOŚNIK, , 1909, describing their history and process of institutionalization (CYNARSKI; BAJOREK, 2011), or presenting the schooling process of sport jujutsu (STERKOWICZ; AMBROŻY, 2003). Moreover, since its inception in 2000, Ido Movement for Culture is widening these approaches for presenting humanistic views of martial arts.
In comparison to taekwondo and judo scientific production, despite they were only focused on articles, their top journals only included one martial arts and combat sports-oriented source (Archives of Budo) and most of them were related to Sport Sciences, approaching from Life Sciences. Several causes could explain this situation. Firstly, the time span of taekwondo (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2017) and judo (PESET et al., 2013)  , so they did not compiled a great number of articles or even existed when those studies were performed. Secondly, the predominance of Life Sciences in taekwondo (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2015;PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2017) and judo (PESET et al., 2013) scientific production as well as the physiological orientation of their top authors could explain the use of Sport Sciences-and Life Sciences-oriented journals for disseminating their results. Despite Life Sciences was also the main field of science represented in our results, the most developed self-defence orientation of jujutsu (CYNARSKI, 2012) could be fundamental for the authors to select martial arts and combat sports-oriented journals. Thirdly, our results are due to the national scope of the present study, which presents and enhances the Polish martial arts and combat sports journals.
Ido Movement for Culture and Archives of Budo were the main sources of information, collecting both 25.81% of total documents. The history and international indexation of these journals explain their relevance for disseminating Polish jujutsu articles. The first volume of Ido Movement for Culture appeared in 2000 and it is currently indexed in Scopus and the Emerging Sources Citation Index from the Web of Science (IMC JOURNAL, 2021b). Archives of Budo was firstly edited in 2005 and its indexation includes Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded from the Web of Science (ARCHIVES OF BUDO, 2021). Moreover, the relevance of Archives of Budo within taekwondo (PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2015;PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ et al., 2017), judo (PESET et al., 2013) and Olympic combat sports literature (FRANCHINI; GUTIERREZ-GARCIA; IZQUIERDO, 2018) was due to these studies developed their data mining solely in the Web of Science. Future studies focused on martial arts and combat sports should include other databases such as ERIC, Pubmed, Scopus or SPORTDiscus for widening information retrieval and offering a larger overview.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study retrieved 123 Polish jujutsu documents published from 1906 to 2020. During the 20 th century, there existed a predominance of jujutsu books, with a technical character, written by single authors from a Life Sciences approach. During the 21 st century, scientific articles about jujutsu were the main type of document. The interest of Polish scholars and academics on martial arts and combat sports in general, and jujutsu in particular, the establishment of institutions such as the Polish Ju-Jitsu Association, as well as the appearance of scientific journals on martial arts and combat sports probably triggered this scientific production. Like a typical aspect of science, collaboration among authors increased, especially within the most productive academics. Moreover, the relevance of Life Sciences approach was also extended to other fields of knowledge, strengthening the understanding about jujutsu.
Regarding the most productive authors, Cynarski is the leading researcher, exhibiting the more extensive collaboration network. The scarce number of collaborators shown by some of the most productive scholars was because they were trainers and teachers writing books about jujutsu fundamentals. Nevertheless, the collaboration index of these authors was lower than in other martial arts and combat sports studies, so national and international collaboration should be strengthened in accordance with the scientific domain for increasing their productivity as well as improving their studies' quality.
Finally, the main sources for the dissemination of jujutsu documents included four martial arts and combat sports journals, all of them edited or published in Poland, reflecting Polish scholars' interest on this topic. Ido Movement for Culture and Archives of Budo were the most important journals, collecting a quarter of the total production due to their history and international indexation.

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